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Geology > Study Guide Test 2 > Flashcards

Study Guide Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Magma Differentiation

A

process that changes magma’s chemistry towards a more felsic composition over time

fractionation and assimilation

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2
Q

Fractionation

A

Magma composition erodes as mienrals crystallize out- remaining melt becomes silica rich and felsic
mafic to felsic

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3
Q

Burial Meta

A

Rock deeply buried 7200 m

Deep sedimentary basins

Extension of diageneis

Increasing temp, CONFINING pressure at depth- low grade- zeolic facus

Quartz sandstone- quartzite

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4
Q

Pegmatitic

A

very slow crystallization

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5
Q

Bedding Planes

A

Sedimentary material or deposition in horizontal layers forming beds

Beds are bigger than 1 cm thick

Defined by differene in color, sediment size, and/or resistance to erosion

A different bed incidactes change in sediment deposition conditions

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6
Q

texture

A

crystal grain size

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7
Q

Magma compositions of Calderas

A

Intermediate to felsic comp

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8
Q

Chemical Sedimentary rocks classification

A

organic
inorganic
biochemical

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9
Q

Inorganic Sedimentary- Banded Ions Formations

A

iron oxide precipitated from ocean water depositing on ocean floor in concentration bands, alternating with chert

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10
Q

Pressure Solution

A

Material is dissolved from highly stressed edges of grains

Styolid- pressure solution streams

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11
Q

Inorganic Sedimentary Rocks - Inorganic Chert

A

Microcrysyalline quartz precipitated out of silica rich groundwater
Jasper, Flint, Onyx, Agate

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12
Q

Fossiliferous limestone

A

abundant visible fossiles (marine invertebrates)
Coral reefs, shallow ocean setting, lakes

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13
Q

How does crystal size and metamorphic fabric (foliation degree) relate to metamorphic grade?

A

Smaller crystal size- low
Bigger crystal size- high

Foliation- high
Non-foliation- low

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14
Q

Rotation

A

Elongated and platy minerals can rotate so they become almost parallel to one another

Minerals that crystallize or grow in the differential stress field can have a preferred orientation

Schistosity- mica and other minerls with dominant orientation

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15
Q

Coal

A

large quantities of plant debris in wetlands/swamplands decays to peat and alters into an organic sedimentary rock

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16
Q

Order of Bowen’s reaction series

A

Ultramafic, Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic

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17
Q

Igneous Dikes

A

intrustion that cuts across the layer
vertical

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18
Q

6 different types of volcanoes

A

Cinder/Scoria Cones
Shield Volcanoes
Stratovolcanoes
Lava Domes
Calderas
Flood Basalts

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19
Q

Foliation Texture

A

A planer alignment of minerals and textures within a rock

Line on plane with no common direction

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20
Q

what controls magma viscosity

A

Magma Composition and temperature

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21
Q

compaction

A

pressure of overlying sediments decrease pore space between the grain

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22
Q

A sedimentary rock which contains environmental clues, such as grey-green mudstones with laminations and freshwater fossils, would mostly likely indicate which depositional environment?

A

lacustrine (lake)

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23
Q

Magma compositions of Flood Basalts

A

low viscosity
Basalt lava flows

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24
Q

Volcanic Hazards

A

Gases
Tephra
Pyroclastic Flow
lahar
Landslide
Tsunamis

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25
Q

Hot Spot has what type of igneous rock comp

A

oceanic- mafic to intermediate
continetal- mafic to felsic

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26
Q

Which statement is INCORRECT about Peridotite?

A

It is composed of an abundance of feldspar and quartz minerals.

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27
Q

Heat induced Melting

A

INCREASE in temp
melting of surrounding rocks from magma intruction of rising mantle plume
MANTLE PLUME
HOTSPOT

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28
Q

In what environments does low pressure/high temperature metamorphism occur

A

near magma intrustion at shallow depth

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29
Q

Mudstone

A

general term for fine grained sedimentary rocks

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30
Q

Transgressions

A

Rise of sea level and submergence of the continent under seawater

Depositional environments shift landwards (go further towards land, ocean expanding)

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31
Q

Difference between metamorphic texture and igneous texture

A

Metamorphic-
Descriptin of mineral grain shapes and orientation
Foliated or nonfoliated- granular, equi distance
Line up or not

Igneous
based on grain size and other features
cooling rate big influence
magma textures

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32
Q

Continental Subduction has what type of igneous rock comp

A

Ultramafic rock
mafic melt

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33
Q

Effusive Eruption

A

Non-explosive eruptions
low gas and low viscosity
lava dome and lava flow

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34
Q

Deltas

A

Transitional - Where rivers enters oceans

Three types- river delta, wave delta, tide dominated delta
Main sediment: channelized sand, mud, organic matter (swamp)
Main rock- clastic rocks, coal/organic sedimentary rocks (swamps)
Main structure- cross bed, delta seidments, sequence (muds to fine sand to coarse sands and organic rich rocks)
Main fossils- many to few fossils

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35
Q

What is incorrect about Batholiths

A

Most mafic in comp

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36
Q

How is temperature and pressure involved in metamorphism?

A

Temperature
Heat driven metamorphism occurs at 200 and continues until 700-1100

Pressure
Force exerted over an area, stress= applied force
Strain is product of stress/metamorphic dchanges within minerals

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37
Q

What are two things that influence initial magma compositions

A

Source of rock
degree of partial melting

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38
Q

True/False

Occasionally fine-grained sediments of the abyssal plane near continental slopes can contain courser sand-sized sediment carried by submarine landslides called turbidite deposits.

A

true

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39
Q

metamorphic grade

A

range of metamorphic change a rock undergoes, progressing from low (little metamorphic change) grade to high (significant metamorphic change) grade.

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40
Q

What does grain size, sorting, and clast shape indicate and environemtn distance

A

grain size- as size gets smaller, longer transport time

sorting- more well sorted the rock is, longer the distance

shape- rounder (smoother) it is, the longer the distacance

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41
Q

Shearing

A

Shear stress causes objects to be smeared out in the direction of applies stress

Augens- eye shaped

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42
Q

Bioturbation

A

Reworking of soft sediment by burrowing organisms

SHALLOW MARINE environments

Used to indicate WATER DEPTH

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43
Q

why are caldera, flood basalts, volcanic dome, stratovolcano more dangerous than scoria or shield

A

Scoria and Shielf- localized eruptions
Others- explosive eruptions that are far reaching

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44
Q

Composition

A

what minerals are present

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45
Q

Clastic Sedimentary rocks classification

A

Breccia
conglomerates
sandstones
mudstone
shale

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46
Q

Dunes

A

Meter Scale Ripples

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47
Q

Igneous rocks are classified based on which

A

texture
composition

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48
Q

True or False:
The presence of pillow basalts indicate lava flowed within a body of water.

A

true

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49
Q

Assimilation

A

incorporates the host rock that magma is intruding into
piece of surrounding block gets added to melt/magma, pieces partially melt

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50
Q

Contact meta

A

High temp low pressure

Local, small instruction

Shallow depth

Produce NON-FOLIATED rocks

Heat from magma alters rok in comes in contact with (heating, NO deformation)

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51
Q

What metamorphic rocks are diagnostic of subduction metamorphism?

A

Greenstone, greenschist, blueschist, eclogice

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52
Q

Inorganic Sedimentary rocks- rich groundwater

A

abundant dissolved ions precipiate out of solution-
lakes streams hot spring, caves
stalagmaite and stalactite

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53
Q

Physical processes metamorphism

A

Deformation of objects
Rotation
Shearing

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54
Q

Ultramafic

A

Mantle rocks
Contains MOST of Fe, Mg, and Ca
LEAST amount of silica
Periodite- intrusive
Kmoatite- Extrusive

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55
Q

Biochemical

A

formed from shells/skeletons of marine/freshwater organisms
Organisms extract dissolved material out of water to form shells, when dies, the hard parts deposit on sea floor as sediment that lithifies when buried

fossiliferous limestone
chalk
biogenic chert
stromatolites

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56
Q

true/false

The metamorphic rock, mylonites, are associated with fault metamorphism where fault shearing occurs at deeper depths.

A

true

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57
Q

Why does contact metamorphism produce only non-foliated metamorphic rocks?

A

No pressure that foliated one need

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58
Q

Inorganic Sedimentary rocks high evaporation rate

A

cause bodies of water to dry up
Dissolved ions precipitation out of solution
Forming evaporate minerals
Salt, calcite, gypsum, halite

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59
Q

Three ways magma can form

A

Decompression Melting
Flux Melting
Heat Induced Melting

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60
Q

Partial Melting

A

different minerals make up rocks, minerals melt at different times
Resulting melt more felsic
increase from ultramafic to mafic- felsic melts from rock sooner

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61
Q

Lacustrine

A

Continental- Lakes
Low energy environment
Main sediment- fine-grained
Main rock- shale
Main structure- lamination
Main fossil- freshwater organisms

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62
Q

Tephra

A

ash
explosive eruption produce it and the wind carry it long distances
WIth enough- collapse buildings, cause Silicosis (respiratory issues)

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63
Q

Explosive Pyroclastic Eruption

A

Explosive eruption
high gas and high viscosity
lava fountaining, pyroclastic flow, eruption channel + ash cloud

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64
Q

Pyroclastic Flow

A

fast flow of lava blocks, pumice, ash, and hot gases
collapse of eruption column or lava dome
MOST DANGEROUS
STRATOVOLCANO or LAVA DOME

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65
Q

what gives igneous rocks fine grained, aphanitic texture

A

When a lava has a fast cooling rate,

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66
Q

Biological Activity

A

Root wedging- plant roots work themselves into cracks, prying the bedrock apart as they grow

tunneling organisms like earthworms, termites, and ants

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67
Q

Graded Bedding

A

Change in grain size within a sediment bed

Trends from coarse to finer; or finer to coarser

Caused by changes in currents speed

Events like FLOOD, LANDSLIDES, SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES

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68
Q

Fault Meta

A

Fault where reach duxtile zone- shear rock

Mylongic form- created by dynamic recrystallization through directed shear forces

Larger, stronger mineral crystals may form augments

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69
Q

Magma compositions of shield volcanoes

A

low viscous
mafic magma chambers

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70
Q

Chemical weathering

A

water, oxygen, and other reactants chemically degrade the mineral components of bedrock

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71
Q

protolith for quartzite

A

quartz rich sandstone

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72
Q

what is relationship between cooling rate and igneous rock type

A

extrusive- faster cooling
intrusive- slower cooling

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73
Q

relationship between cooling rate and mineral crystal size (igneous)

A

faster cooling rate means smaller crystal size
slower cooling means larger crystal size

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74
Q

Oxidation

A

chemical reaction with oxygen causing rusting metallic iron
iron minerals bond with oxide minerals, exposed to Earth’s atmosphere

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75
Q

Vesicles- what does it indicate

A

pressure gas bubbles
magma is gassy- explosive

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76
Q

Slate-phyllite-schist-gneiss sequence

A
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77
Q

Sandstone

A

sand lithified to sandstone
coarse grains
wide variety of mineral grains
grain roundness varies
moderate to well sorted

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78
Q

Physical appearance of Flood Basalts

A

large igneous provinces
multiple explosive centers from fissured dikes

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79
Q

Low viscosity

A

lava spreaf out- higher temp and FEWER silica chains (mafic)

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80
Q

What does low vs high grade metamorphism indicate?

A

Low – finer grained crystals

High- coarser grained crystals

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81
Q

What are the differences between regional, contact, and subduction metamorphism?

A

Regional
Increasing temperature and Pressure
Heating AND deformation
Foliated
Range of depth
Contact
High temp, low Pressure
Heating NO deformation
Non-foliated
Shallow depth
Subduction
High Pressure low temp
Deformation NO heating

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82
Q

Dissolution

A

some minerals completely dissolve when reacting with water and natural acid
produce dissolved ions in water
followed by precipiation and often focused in fractures

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83
Q

As magma cools minerals crystallize out causing a change in the remaining magma composition. What is this process called?

A

Fractional crystallization

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84
Q

Metamorphic textures

A

foliation
lineation
non-foliated
schistosity

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85
Q

Which is NOT commonly associated with lava domes, stratovolcanoes, and calderas?

A

Mafic- Intermediate lava comp

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86
Q

Shield volcanoes have low slopes primarily because

A

the low viscosity of basaltic magma allows it to flow downhill for long distances.

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87
Q

How does fluids play a role in metamorphism

A

Interact chemically with minerals and cause new mienrals to replace existing ones
Hydrothermal metamorphic alteration

Can remove elements from rocks- seawater flows through fractures in fresh, hot basalt, reacting with and removing mineral ions

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88
Q

What does presence of coarser vs finer clast size indicate about energy of envionment and distance

A

coarser- high energy- small distance
finer- low energy- long distance

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89
Q

When material from a subducting slab reaches a certain depth, what gets released and added to the mantle above to cause the mantle to melt?

A

H2O
water

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90
Q

Inorganic Sedimentary Rock- Travertine

A

calcite slowly precipitate from water, leaving thin band/layer (caves and hot spring)

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91
Q

Intrusive igneous rocks

A

plutonic
magma solidifies BELOW the surgace
form various features called plutons

92
Q

examples of chemical weathering

A

hydrolysis
Dissolution
Oxidation
Karst Topography

93
Q

How does viscosity and gas influence eruption stlye

A

High gas- more explosive
High viscosity- stops more gas from escaping- more explosive pyroclastic

94
Q

How are igneous rocks formed

A

cooling and solidification of magma/lava
as cools, minerals crystalize

95
Q

What trend in clastic sedimentary rocks would you expect to see in Louisiana as time progressed from 100Ma to the present?

A

Coarsening of Sediment (clast size increase)

96
Q

Batholiths

A

greater than 100 km2 igneous body; massive
hundred of miles long
form from multiple smaller plutons
associated with convergent plate boundaries
exposed by erosion

97
Q

Continental Collision has what type of igneous rock comp

A

Felsic intermediate rock
felsic magma

98
Q

Decompression Melting

A

lowering of Pressure WITHOUT changing the temperature of his rising mantle material
DIVERGENT boundaries (MOR, continental rifting)
HOTSPOTS

99
Q

How does Metamorphism occur

A

Change in temperature and pressure and depth

Cause existing minerals to be unstable at new conditions

Results in growth of new stable mineral

Change in comp and or texture WITHOUT melting – igneous

100
Q

chemical processes
Metamorphic

A

recrystallization
remobilization
pressure solution

101
Q

protolith for greenschist

A

greenslate

102
Q

Porphyitic texture and cooling rate

A

2 different cooling histories
one cools in magma chamber, then grows and gets to surface, erupts and rest of melt solidified
mostly extrusive

103
Q

Lineation

A

Refer to elongated linear minerals (longer in one direction) that are aligned within a rock

NO orientation into planes

104
Q

Breccia

A

coarse angular clasts
poorly sorted- large boulders to fine sediment
clasts of different rock types or all same type of rock

105
Q

conglomerates

A

coarse clasts
rounder grains than breccia
poorly to moderately sorted
sand and/or mud matrix

106
Q

Lineation Texture

A

Linear alignment of minerals within a rock.

107
Q

Beach

A

Transitional
Important transport process- wave and tidal current
Main sediment- sand
Main rock- sandstone
Main strucute- plane bed, large cross beds
Constant wave activgity, little to no structure preserved
Main fossils- bioturbation, marine invertebrates, rare vertebrates, some corals

108
Q

Which clastic sedimentary rock would be more likely deposited in a low energy environment?

A

mudstones or shales

109
Q

Physical appearance of Cinder/Scoira cones

A

smallest volcanoes
conical, steep, symmetric sides

110
Q

Silicate minerals in order of those first to last to crystallize

A

olivine
pyroxene
amphibole
biotite
K-feldspar
Muscovite
Quartz

111
Q

Which of the metamorphic rocks listed does NOT have foliated texture?

A

Quartzite

112
Q

Which of the following does NOT precede a volcanic eruption?

A

formation of pyroclastic flow

113
Q

Flux melting

A

Addition of volatives allows rock to melt at lower temp
NO change in temp or pressure
SUBDUCTION ZONES

114
Q

Continental Collision Meta Process

A

REGIONAL and FAULT metamorphism

Focused within THRUST shets (fold and thrust belt

SHEARING< folding and strongly FOLIARED Rocks, such as slates, schist, gneiss

SHEARING along deep faults

115
Q

What causes initial magma composition to change

A

Partial Melting
Fractionantion
Assimilation

116
Q

relationship between grain type, cooling rate, and type of rock

A

Coarse grained- slower cooling- intrusive
FIne Grained- faster cooling- extrusive

117
Q

Continental Rift has what type of igneous rock comp

A

Felsic rock-
intermediate magma

118
Q

Whan can precede a volcanic eruption

A

Seismic activity increases
increased gas activity
change in topography
change in temp

119
Q

Stromatolites

A

Flat or hemispherically laminated structured of fine caebonate, fine organic matter, and clay/silt
Formed by trapping and binding of cyanobacteria
Formed today by mainly in shallow tidal zones
Oldest fossil
Occur in carbonate limestones

120
Q

Viscosity

A

resistance to flow

121
Q

Physical appearance of stratovolcanoes

A

distinct crater at top
rise high above landscape
snowcapped and steep symmetrical flanks

122
Q

what gives igneous rocks coarse grained, phaneritic texture

A

When a magma cools slowly deep below the Earth’s surface,

123
Q

WHy have flood basalts been a cause of extinction events

A

Release SO2- block sun from earth- cool- acid rain
Release CO2- global warming
long lasting eruptions

Deccan Trapps- 1/3; extinction of dinosaurs
Siberian Trapps- Great Dyinh- 95%

124
Q

Chalk is considered a biochemical sedimentary rock because

A

It’s a carbonate that formed from the calcium-rich skeletons of microorganisms that had accumulated on the seafloor

125
Q

What is used to classify igneous rocks

A

Texture and composition

126
Q

what are three categories for depositional environemnts

A

Terrestrial (AKA Continental)- Diverse environments found on continents

Transitional (Marginal)- Shoreline/coastline environment zones of complex interactions between ocean and land

Marine- Completely, continuously under seawater

127
Q

Types of Plutons

A

Igneous Dikes
Igneous Sills
Laccoliths
Stocks
Batholiths
Columnar joints

128
Q

As magma melt cools and mafic silicate minerals crystallize out, the melt composition becomes

A

depleted in Fe, Mg, Ca and more abundant in Silica, Al, Na and K

129
Q

Protolith for marble

A

limesotne

130
Q

Remobilization

A

Various mienrasls in the rocks can partially melt than concentrate in areas of rocks-

producing light and dark bands

131
Q

magma mixing

A

two different compositions of magma mix, final magma composition between the two

132
Q

what are different types of sedimentary structures

A

Bedding planes
Laminatiosn
Graded Bedding
Bed Forms
Cross Beds
Bioturbation
Mudcracks and Raindrop impressions

133
Q

Intermediate

A

Roughly equal amounts of light and dark mienrals
Diorite- intrusive
Andesite- extrusive

134
Q

The collapse of crustal rock above a magma chamber following the emptying of that large magma chamber can result in the formation of?

A

formation of volcanic caldera

135
Q

Schistosity is an example of which type of chemical or physical metamorphic process?

A

Rotation

136
Q

Deformation of objects

A

Rounded grains become flattened in the direction of max stress

Degree of stretching increases

137
Q

When a lava flow cools and forms a volcanic rock, it is considered to be

A

extrusive igneous rock

138
Q

Organic sedimentary rocks

A

formed from organic material (plants) to procue coal, oil, and natural gas

139
Q

Felsic rocks

A

MOST silica, LEAST Fe, MG
abundant light colored minerals- Quartz and Feldspar
Granite- intrusive
Rhylotite- Extrusive

140
Q

Laminations

A

Parallel layers, less than 1 cm thick, fine grained sediments

Fine grained sediment deposited in QUIET,

LOW energy environment

Lake, deep ocean

141
Q

Landslide

A

slop failure of steep, unstable slopes of volcano
explosive eruption, heavy rain, magma movement
STRATOVOLCANO or LAVA DOME

142
Q

Hydrolysis

A

main proces breaking down silicate rock and create clay minerals
water and natural acids break down silicate minerals
produce dissolved ions in water and clay minerals

143
Q

Mudstone (siltstone/claystone)

A

fine grained
silt lithified to silt
clay lithified to clay

144
Q

Foliation

A

Refer to any planar metamorphic fabric where minerals are aligned/orientated to have lined up in planes

New minerals form

Common with abundant sheet silicate minerals
Slte, phyllite, schist, gneiss

145
Q

why Hawaii volcanism mostly produces shield volcanoes, while Yellowstone volcanism has produced calderas from massive eruptions?

A

Yellowstone volcanism sits within continental crust resulting in more felsic-intermediate magma compositions and thus more explosive volcanic eruptions.

146
Q

What are products of weathering of rocks

A

soil and smaller rock fragments

147
Q

What are the metamorphic rock textures produced from directed stresses?

A

Shistosity- schist
Shearing- mylonite
Foliation- Gneiss

148
Q

Ice/frost wedging

A

water in cracks freeze and expand, widening cracks
repeating cycles of freezing and melting pry rock apart

149
Q

Regression

A

Drop of sea level and withdrawal of water from the land

Depositional environments shift seaward (go towards sea, ocean regressing)

150
Q

Magma compositions of stratovolcanoes

A

high viscosity and silicate
felsic magma chamber

151
Q

A sedimentary rock which contains environmental clues, such as well sorted sandstone with reddish coloring from oxidation and >1 meter (3ft) cross-beds, would mostly likely indicate which depositional environment?

A

aeolian

152
Q

Extrusive igneous rocks

A

volcanic
magma erupts ABOVE earth’s surface as lava, melts, and solidifies above surface
lava flow and pyroclastic deposits

153
Q

Physical appearance of shield volcano

A

long angles, broad flanks
small vents and craters at top
can be largest of volcano- size varies

154
Q

Mechanical/Physical weathering

A

physical breakdown of bedrock into loose smaller particles (sediment)

155
Q

How do geologists determine a regression or transgress occurred in the rock record of a stratigraphic section?

A

the Stacks of rocks- newer on top

156
Q

recrystallization

A

Most common

Existing minerals recrystallize into laeger crystals

Or new mienrals growduring metamorphism

Shale to Schist- Quartz sandstone to Quartzine

157
Q

Magma compositions of lava domes

A

high viscosity
highly fractured solified lava (intermediate-felsic)

158
Q

Non-Foliation Texture

A

Metamorphic textures that do not have a directional component of its minerals

159
Q

Mafic

A

Rich in Fe and Mg, poor in silica
Abundance of Ferromagnesian and K-Feldspar
Gabbro- intrusive
Basalt- extrusive

160
Q

Karst Topography

A

thickness of limestone, dissolution create separate ind. spires

161
Q

What are common volcanic features associated with mid-ocean ridges?

A

Lava flows on ocean floor forming pillow basalts

deep sea hydrothermal vents

162
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified (dominantly) based on what?

A

grain size

163
Q

Transform Boundaries

A

FAULT metamorphism- strike-slip faulting

164
Q

Physical appearance of lava domes

A

dome feature- plugging of vent due to high viscosity
small to moderate in size

165
Q

Shale

A

fissile mudstones, separated into thin sheets

166
Q

Non-Foliated

A

Texture is granular and equi-dimensional (sugar)
NO alignment/orientation of minerals
NO new minerals form, usually composition of one kind of mineral

Quarts-rich sandstone- Quartzich
Interlocking Quartz cryals
Granual hard rocks

167
Q

What is incorrect about intrusive igneous rocks

A

tend to have very small mineral crystals or glassy (no mineral crystals)

168
Q

igneous sills

A

intrustion that runs parallel to layer
horizontal

169
Q

Schistosity

A

Term for coarse grained, visible, platy minerals in a planar fabric, typical of schists.

170
Q

Non-foliated metamorphic rocks form by which metamorphic process?

A

Recrystallization

171
Q

Laccoliths

A

lens shaped, cause surface doming

172
Q

What does the presence of a garnet or

A

Experienced much higher pressures and temperatures than chlorite

173
Q

interplate and intraplate volcano

A

Interplate- Volcanism located at active plate boundaries like subduction zones, and divergent boundaries

Intraplate- Volcanism within a tectonic plate formed by hotspots

174
Q

Biogenic Chert

A

Microcyralline quartz made of shells from microorganisms (plankton)
Siliceous ooze in deep ocean, lakes

175
Q

when rocks are partially melted the resulting magma is always more waht

A

felsic and less mafic

176
Q

Pophyritic

A

larger crystals with fine grained matrix

177
Q

Stocks

A

less than 100 km2 igneous body; irregular shaped

178
Q

Oceanic Subduction has what type of igneous rock comp

A

Ultramafic rock
mafic melt

179
Q

Lithification

A

Process which loose sediments become solid rock (cementation and compaction)

180
Q

Columnar Joints

A

way it cools; cracks form, cool outward to inward

181
Q

Regional Meta

A

Alteration of rock by increase temp with high pressure (heating AND deformation)

Wide range in depths, temperature, and pressure

Distributed through wide geographic area

Caused by lagsacre geologic processes (mountain- compression)

Regional produced FOLIATED rocks

182
Q

Bowen’s reaction series

A

** Illustrates the relationship of silicate minerals and temp **

Idealized model for crystallization of silicate minerals in a magmatic system

183
Q

cementation

A

precipitation of minerals from water within pore spaces bind grain together

184
Q

Pressure expansion

A

when rock makes way to surface from erosion and uplift,
pressure is dropped= expansion and cracking

185
Q

Magma compositions of Cinder/Scoira cones

A

low viscous lava
mafic lava with high volatiles (gassy)

186
Q

Inorganic

A

evaporates/precipitates from water (by chemical reactions)
Classified by composition

187
Q

Which type of magma is typically silica-rich felsic or intermediate in composition and produce granites, rhyolites, tuffs, and andesites?

A

High Viscosity Magma

188
Q

What are the two processes of lithification

A

cementation
compaction

189
Q

Mudcracks and raindrop impressions

A

When wet-logged clay rich sediment dries out

Shrinking mud forms cracks- get preserved if sediment fills in cracks

Can form TIDAL FLATS; DRIED LAKES: SHORELINES

190
Q

Aeolian

A

Continental - Wind-blown
Sand dragged along surface or briefly lifted- silt and clay blown away and carried long distances
Main sediment- very well sorted sant and silt
Main rock- sandstone
Main strucute- large cross beds
Main fossils- rare

191
Q

Chalk

A

Soft powdery, brittle limestone, Composed mostly of calcite
Accumulation of calcium- rich shells of microorganisms and algae in deep ocean

192
Q

MOR metamorphic process

A

NORMAL faulting, down-dropped fault blocks

CONTACT metamorphism and HYDROTHERMAL chemical alteration

193
Q

Deep Marine

A

Relatively flat plain, low energy
Dominated by ocean currents
Main sediment0 very fine grains mud and oozes
Rocks: chert, shale, carbonate, mudstone

194
Q

Difference between confining pressure and directed stress?

A

Confining
Same amount of stress from all direction
Uniformly distributed- all rocks

Directed
Different amounts of stress from different direction
Unequal distribution
Modifies the parent rock at mechanical level, crates identifying textures- change arrangement, size, or shape of crysalts

195
Q

Diagenesis

A

As sediments are buried, temps and pressure increase and will cause a low temp/loq pressure alteration

Heat and pressure chemically alter sediments

Pore space between grains can reduce or increase

196
Q

why volcanoes associated with subduction zones tend to be explosive.

A

they are generally more viscous and effectively retain gases

197
Q

Order of Sedimentary rock process in rock cycle

A

Weathering (mechanical and chemical)
erosion, transport, deposition
Burial
lithification, diagenesis

198
Q

Bed Forms

A

Sedimentary structures formed from a current (water or wind) working on sandy sediment

Ripples

Dunes

199
Q

What metamorphism occurs along continental collision settings? (choose all that apply)

A

regional metamorphism focued within thrust sheets

200
Q

Ripples

A

Small ridges in the sands creates as sand piles up

Cm scale bedforms

Asymmetrical- unidirectional flow- rivers

Symmetrical- Bidirectional flow- waves, tides

201
Q

Why does regional metamorphism and fault metamorphism produce foliated, lineated textures?

A

lots of pressure

202
Q

Physical appearance of Calderas

A

moderate to very large circular, steep-walled depressions

203
Q

Salt Expansion

A

evaporation causes salt to precipitate out of solution and grow and expand into cracks in rock

204
Q

two different types of igneous rocks

A

intrusive and extrusive

205
Q

High Viscosity

A

lava plies out- lower temp and MORE silica chains (felsic)

206
Q

peat

A

partially decayed vegetation or organic matter converted into carbon-rich coal under high temp and pressure

207
Q

How are volcanoes monitored

A

seismic activity
gas activity
look for deformation
measure ground temp
past historical eruption

208
Q

Shallow Marine

A

Continental shelf- Marine
Moderate energy, storms
Important transport process- waves and tidal current s
Main sediment- fine sand and mud
Main rock- mudstone, sandstone, carbonates
Structures- planar bedding, cross beds, storm influence
Main fossils- bioturbation, few marine invertebrates, fish

209
Q

Continental Rifts Meta process

A

NORMAL faulting, down dropped fault nlocks

CONTACT metamorphism; SHEARING along deep faults, HYDROTHERMAL chemical alteration; BURIAL metamorphism

210
Q

Protolith

A

The rocks that existed before the changes that lead to a metamorphic rock

211
Q

Magma composition (amount of silica) and temperature controls which of the following?

A

magma viscosity

212
Q

What is the difference between a lahar and pyroclastic flow?

A

Lahars involves water and pyroclastic debris, while pyroclastic flows involve very hot gasses and pyroclastic debris, both flow down the flanks of the volcano.

213
Q

Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

The concept that describes the crystallization order of silicate minerals in melt related to temperature

214
Q

Fluvial

A

Continental- Rivers

High low energy, water transport

Meandering and braided rivers
Meandering- 1 single channel
Braided- multiple channels

Main sediments- sand, mud, coarse grains
Main rocks- sandstone, conglomerates, siltstone
Main structure- cross beds, asymmetric ripples, channels
Main fossils- bone beds,

215
Q

Cross-Beds

A

How do ripples and Dunes Migrate
Wind or water transport grains on upstream side and deposits grains on downstream side

Migrating dune/ripple erodes, the crest in front of it , leaving base as layer behind with crossbedding

Downstream migration of ripples produce crossbedding

Paleocurrent direction
Crossbeds tilt down- current and thus indicate DIRECTION OF FLOW

216
Q

Lahars

A

slurry resembling wet concrete
consist of water, ash, rock fragments, other debris
Triggered by fast melting snow and glaciers
STRATOVOLCANO

217
Q

examples of mechanical weathering

A

pressure expansion
ice/frosh wedging
salt expansion
biological activity

218
Q

Which type of metamorphism occurs at a relatively low temperature and high pressure environment, and the diagnostic metamorphic rock is blueschist.

A

subduction zone meta

219
Q

Index Mineral

A

Minerals that form at a specific range of temperatures and pressures. Using a collection of index minerals narrows down the conditions of rock formation

220
Q

Subduction Zone

A

Unique: High pressure, low tempes

Slabs slow to increase in temp at depth, pressure larger affedct

Mafic oceanic lithosphere subducted and meta
Greenston, greenschist, blueschist, eclogice

221
Q

what gives igneous rocks glassy texture

A

When a melt cools instantly

222
Q

Tsunamis

A

Displace of large volume of water can produce a tsunami-
wide reaching impact

223
Q

Subduction Zone

A

Convergence
SUBDUCTION and REGIONAL metamorphism

Reverse/Thrust Faulting
FAULT metamorphism and BURIAL metamorphism

CONTACT metamorphism- magma intrusion into continental crust

224
Q

what are plutons

A

featured created by intrusive igneous rocks

225
Q

Mantle Plume

A

RIsing Material and heat derived from mantle

226
Q

MOR has what type of igneous rock comp

A

ultramafic rock-
mafic magma or intermediate felsic rock/melt

227
Q

5 different types of metamorphism

A

Contact
Regional
Subduction Zone
Burial
Fault

Geology (8 decks)

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