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Geology > Final- Past Exam/quiz questions > Flashcards

Final- Past Exam/quiz questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which is NOT one of the major mechanisms that drives tectonic plate movement

A

mantle plumes

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2
Q

molecular ion that builds silicate minerals as shown in figure below with one silicon atom and four oxygen atom bonded

A

SIlicon-Oxygen- silica- tetrahedon

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3
Q

tectonic seting- long continuous rift valley within a continent that experiences volcanism and earthquakes

A

divergence where the continent is rifting apart

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4
Q

What statement is NOT correct about lithosphere

A

it is outer most compositional layer of earth

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5
Q

When global warming thaws permafrost this leads to decay and oxidation of once frozen organic matter causing carbon dioxide and methane to be released into atmosphere resulting in further global warming. This is an example of

A

a positive feedback mechanism.

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6
Q

Earth’s atmosphere is warmed up as greenhouse gases trap

A

only outgoing thermal IR radiating from Earth’s surface.

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7
Q

over time silicate minerals, like granites, will break down intp clay and dissolved components- this example of what weathering process

A

hydrolysis

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8
Q

a sedimentary rock which contains environment clues such as grey-green mudstones with laminations and freshwater fossils- most likely indicate which depositional environment

A

lacustrine (lake)

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9
Q

What is the correct interpretation of the cause for seismic S-wave paths abruptly ending at the Mantle-Core boundary which results in an S-wave shadow zone?

A

S-waves can’t travel through the liquid outer core because they have a searing motion.

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10
Q

when part of eruption column collapses it produces what type of volcanic hazard descriped as hot gass and pyroclastic material which travel down steep volcanoes

A

pyroclastic flow

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11
Q

Which is incorrect description for given rock type

A

igneous rock form from alteration of preexisting rocks due to changes in temp and/or pressure

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12
Q

With global warming, changes to the ocean circulation (ocean conveyor belt) can be caused by which of the following

A

Warming of ocean temperatures

influx of freshwater

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13
Q

which volcano would you expect to produce a more global impacting eruption

A

stratovolcano

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14
Q

Which of the following is considered a reservoir where elements are stored int he Earth System? Choose all that apply.

A

Plants
Ocean

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15
Q

what is the correct paring of mineral group and anion complex

A

silicates- siO4
Carbonate- CO3
Halides- Halogen

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16
Q

shield volcanoes have low/gentle slopes primarily because

A

low viscosity lava spreads out and downhill for longer distances before cooling

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17
Q

Which statement is INORRECT about radiocarbon dating?

A

It involves nitrogen -14 isotope decaying to the carbon-14 isotope.

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18
Q

for clasic sedimentary rocks, what is NOT a trend in grain characteristics as it gets transported farther

A

sediment grain side range gets bigger, so more poorly sorted

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19
Q

What does presence of index mineral, garnet, in schist indicate

A

rock has experienced a greater degree of metamorphism (high grade metamorphism) with higher pressure and temperatures

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20
Q

Rocks can be made of one or multiple kinds of minerals

A

true

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21
Q

What is the most abundant component of Earth’s atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen

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22
Q

what statement about earth’s layers is INCORRECT

A

outer core is solid while inner core is liquid

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23
Q

Which is NOT one of the common greenhouse gases?

A

sulfur dioxide

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24
Q

what process is when a molten planet with a uniform distribution of material, like early earth, sepateates into lauyers of different density- desner at bottom and less at top

A

Differentiation

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25
Q

TRUE of FALSE: Higher air temperatures allow for greater moisture capacity in the atmosphere, increasing the potential for more extreme weather events.

A

True

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26
Q

magma comp (amount of silica) and temperature controls which of the following?

A

magma viscosity

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27
Q

Which played a role in the global cooling trend in the Cenozoic starting ~40Ma? Choose all that apply

A

The opening of Drake’s passage developing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

The continental collision of Indian-Asian forming Himalayan Mountains

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28
Q

Which statement about seismic waves is correct?

A

Primary waves are the fastest seismic waves and move through rock via compression.

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29
Q

What is NOT a secondary hazard caused by earthquakes?

A

Volcanic eruptions caused by magma moving in the crust generating shallow earthquakes.

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30
Q

metamorphic rock texture refers to

A

shape and orientation of mineral grains

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31
Q

what is NOT a process that mineral crystals can form by

A

decompression

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32
Q

true or false: Normal faults are associated with mountain building at convergent tectonic settings.

A

False

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33
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT about Milankovitch Cycles?

A

It influences the Carbon cycle and other chemical cycles of Earth’s system.

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34
Q

what is NOT direct evidence of direction and rate of tectonic plate movement

A

fossil distributions and glacial evidene

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35
Q

which volcano has steep symmetric slopes, formed mostly by moderate to high viscosity magma, and reach elevation high enough the tops are often covered in snow

A

stratovolcano

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36
Q

Which is the primary agent of sediment transport

A

water

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37
Q

which of following is INCORRECT about batholiths

A

mostly mafic in composition

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38
Q

The boundary between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic is defined by which event?

A

a mass extinction called the Great Dying event

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39
Q

Choose all that are CORRECT about the Cambrian Explosion.

A

occurred soon after (several 10s of millions of years) a massive increase in oxygen concentration in Earth’s atmosphere

referred to the sudden appearance of a large diversity of hard bodied animals in the fossil record

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40
Q

The _________ is when gasses in Earth’s atmosphere prevents heat from Sun’s energy or Earth’s heat from escaping into space.

A

greenhouse effect

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41
Q

Which one of the following is indirect evidence in the rocks that has been left behind by an organism indicating its behavior, such as burrows and footprints?

A

Trace fossils

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42
Q

Fossils occur in strata in a definite, determinable order because what is a linear process?

A

Evolution

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43
Q

What is correct explanation for why the ocean’s crust contains alternating strong and weak magnetic stripes

A

strong and weak magnetic signals reflect the fliping of Earth’s magnetic field direction, sometimes pointing north and sometimes pointing south throughout earth’s history

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44
Q

Which statement about carbonate minerals is false

A

carbonate minerals are composed of cations bonded with the carbonate ion which is a silicon atom bonded with four oxygen atoms

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45
Q

when two atoms have same electronegativity, they will share electrons forming which type of bond

A

covalent

46
Q

Who determined the age of the Earth to be 4.55 billion years using uranium/lead dating technique from meteorite samples with a mass spectrometer?

A

Clair Patterson

47
Q

what would you NOT expect to precede volcanic eruption

A

decrease in heat flow from volcano

48
Q

Initial melting associaed with subduction zones is result opf

A

flux melting due to addition of water in minerals of the subducting plate to mantle

49
Q

Which of following is NOT a common metamorphic process

A

complete remelting of rock

50
Q

true or false: Faults are the places in the crust where ductile deformation occurs as two blocks of rocks move relative to one another.

A

False

51
Q

comparing metamorphic and deformation for varois setting, what is LEAST likely to occur along mid-ocean spreading center

A

shearing along deep faults

52
Q

what is NOT a rule that defines a true mineral

A

must be human-made

53
Q

what is a theory

A

well-tested and generally accepted explanation for some observed natural phenomena

54
Q

what does progression from slaty cleavage to bandage indicate

A

metamorphic grade increasing

55
Q

Which of these is most likely to be a biochemical sedimentary rock

A

limestone

56
Q

When a section of a fault is determined to have a seismic gap, this means

A

That section of the fault has a higher chance of an earthquake to occur because it is locked and building stress.

57
Q

Which is NOT part of the geological carbon cycle?

A

Living organisms consume carbon dioxide from atmosphere through photosynthesis and take that carbon to make their tissues and substances.

58
Q

What best describes tranform boundaries

A

tectonic plates move horizontally sliding past each other in opposite directions

59
Q

Which statement is the correct description of a dome?

A

It is a symmetrical to semi-symmetrical upwarping of rock beds. The rock layers tilt downwards away from the feature’s center, and the rocks get older towards the center.

60
Q

which type of rock is formed from loose sediments

A

clastic sedimentary rocks

61
Q

According to the Elastic Rebound Theory of the earthquake cycle, when do rocks along a fault have the highest amount of stored elastic energy?

A

right before an earthquake

62
Q

What was NOT evidence which Alfred Wegener has used to support his continental drift hypothesis

A

seafloor spreading

63
Q

What would you examine on a seismogram to help you calculate the distance of the seismic station and the earthquake’s epicenter?

A

The P-wave and S-wave arrival time

64
Q

this volcanic feature is formed when magma evolves to highest viscosity and piles up at volcano central vent acting like plug

A

lava dome

65
Q

Isostasy and crust

A

higher the elevation, thicker crust

66
Q

What are the factor(s) that increase the chance of an organism getting preserved as a fossil? Choose all that apply.

A

if the organism had hard parts, like bones

how fast it was buried

67
Q

which of following is INCORRECT protolith to metamorphic rock pair

A

Basalt metamorphoses to Gabbro

68
Q

Choose which statement about strike-slip faults is NOT correct.

A

The structures that form from transpression or trenstension are known as plant structures.

69
Q

The development of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the continental collision of Indian-Asian forming Himalayan Mountains, and subduction-related volcanism forming the Isthmus of Panama resulting in reduced heat transfer from the tropics to the poles all played a role in what climate event?

A

Global cooling in the Cenozoic to the present

70
Q

Which tectonic setting is more likely to produce the largest magnitude earthquakes, the deepest earthquakes, and where earthquakes along the plate boundary can generate tsunamis?

A

Subduction zones

71
Q

which type of metamorphism that has high temp and low pres. conditions and produce non-foliated metamorphic rocks

A

contact metamorphism

72
Q

Nicholas steno proposed concept that undistrubed layers of rock, oldest layers at bottom and youngest on top- what law is this

A

law of superposition

73
Q

which is an INCORRECT statement about subduction

A

the tectonic plate with continental crust is always subducted because it is denser than oceanic crust

74
Q

which of following describes the complete series of processes in clastic sedimentary rock formation in correct order

A

Weathering- erosion- transport- deposition- lithifcation- diagenesis

75
Q

what type of metamorphism occurs over wide range of temp and pres. over wide geographic area, associated with convergent setting where mountain building, produce foliated rock

A

regional metamorphism

76
Q

cyclical process of continents breaking apart and reassembling throughtout Earth’s history due to plate tectonic processes

A

WIlson cyc;e

77
Q

which is CORRECT about decompression melting

A

it is when melt forms from decrease in pressure of rising hot mantle

78
Q

The boundary between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras is defined by which event?

A

K-T extinction event where dinosaurs died off

79
Q

silicate mienrals are the most common rock forming mineral becausw

A

oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements of the crust

80
Q

what is reason why amber is not a true mineral

A

amber is organic because it began as tree sap

81
Q

large or long-lasting volcanic eruptions, like flood basalts or supervolcanic eruptions, can cause climate change from

A

gasses and ash/dust which are put into the atmosphere during an eruption

82
Q

as magma cools minerals crystallize out causing a change in remaining magma comp. what is it called

A

fractional crystallization

83
Q

If mineral has no cleavage, what would you expect how the mineral will break

A

mineral will fracture, sometime conchoidally

84
Q

in hot spot volcanic island chain, such as hawaiian islands, what is true

A

ages of and distance between volcanoes can be used to calcuate plae velocities

85
Q

which of following are most likely to preserve conditions of ancient environments of earth

A

sedimentary rocks

86
Q

One proxy indicator of climate involves analyses of ancient atmosphere’s chemistry in tiny trapped air bubbles from which of the following?

A

ice core

87
Q

Permineralization

A

when an organism is buries and then elements in groundwater completely impregnate all spaces within the body, even cells and replacing the orignal material

88
Q

Which would you need to determine the location of an earthquake’s epicenter by triangulation? choose all that apply.

A

The arrival times of S-waves and P-waves recorded by seismometers.

Seismic records from at least three seismic stations.

89
Q

carbonization

A

fossils occur when organisms are compressed and only the carbon remains and providing a carbon silhouette of organism

90
Q

A geologist comes across an outcrop with a large unconformity. What can be interpreted by this observation?

A

There was an erosional event that formed the unconformity.

91
Q

The rise in sea level, due to global warming, is largely a result of which? choose all that apply.

A

Melting of glaciers.

Thermal expansion of sea water.

92
Q

Why did the Great Oxygenation event have a significantly smaller increase in oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere compared to the Second Oxygenation event?

A

A lot of oxygen was being drawn out of the atmosphere due to chemical reactions of mass oxidation of terrestrial rocks and deposits of banded Iron formations.

93
Q

What evidence do we have that proves anthropogenic fossil fuel burning rather than changes in rock weathering or volcanic activity are responsible for major CO2 changes in the atmosphere in the last two centuries?

A

The ratios of carbon isotopes in the atmosphere indicate the source

94
Q

lower amounts of silica and a greater abundance of Fe, Mg, and Ca-rich silicates define what kind of igneous rock

A

Mafic

95
Q

which of following is involved in turning some sediment into lithified sedimentary rock

A

cementation and compaction

96
Q

How fast do plates move relative to one another

A

centimeters per year

97
Q

what is NOT considered a test that help identify a mineral

A

euhedral or anhedral

98
Q

Which of the following are causes for Carbon cycle imbalance that can lead to climate change? There may be more than one answer.

A

Periods of significant mountain-building events causing an increase in rock weathering

Long periods of above average volcanic activity

99
Q

what tectonic setting is- broad high topographic region within continent that contains broad mountaing with no volcanism- but earthquakes do

A

convergence where crust is thickening due to continental collision

100
Q

Which is not a factor that determine the amount of shaking a place will experience from an earthquake?

A

Resonance: when seismic wave frequency matches a building’s natural shaking frequency which will increase the shaking intensity.

101
Q

Halite like other halide and sulfate salts form when water evaporates. What can you conclude from this statement?

A

Halide and sulfate salts can form in arid (dryer desert) environment

102
Q

Oxygen isotope records (18O/16O) data from corals, microorganisms, and ice cores are used as a proxy for

A

Past global temperature

103
Q

What are the physical expressions of the energy released create when rocks slip along a fault generating an earthquake?

A

seismic waves

104
Q

Gas concentration measurements collected on volcanoes are what type of data

A

Quantitative

105
Q

the present is the key to the past - what concept does this refer to

A

law of uniformitarianism

106
Q

compared with low grade metamorphic rocks, high grade rocks are

A

produced at greater temp and rpes.

107
Q

which of following statements about metamorphism is FALSE

A

metamorphism involves melting of existing rocks to form new minerals

108
Q

true or false: The Modified Mercalli Intensity scale is a qualitative rating based on observations and people’s perceptions of structural damage and ground-shaking unlike the magnitude of an earthquake which is a quantitative measurement of the energy released.

A

true

109
Q

what mienral property is considered a special property

A

acid test
flourescence

110
Q

which is correct order from weakest to strongest of atomic bonds

A

intermolecular, metallic, ionic, covalent

111
Q

molds and casts

A

when original material of organism dissolves and leaves a cavity in the surrounding rock

112
Q

actual preservation (unaltered remains)

A

a rare form of fossilization where the original materials or hard parts of organisms are preserved

Geology (8 decks)

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