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Geology > Study Guide Test 1 > Flashcards

Study Guide Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Transform boundaries

A

fault of these called strike slip fualt
crust is deformed
no volcanoe, lot of earthqyake,
found along mid-ocean ridges

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2
Q

Subduction

A

plates of different densities converge, higher density is bushed beneath more buoyant plate

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3
Q

Qualitative

A

Description, observation, based on numerical data
( words, sketches, images)

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4
Q

ionic

A

transger electrons

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5
Q

What magma/melt generation does Oceanic Continental subduction use

A

Flux melted magma (addition of volatiles)

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6
Q

metallic bonding

A

sharing of electrons between many atoms- loosely connected to nucleus

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7
Q

Igneous rock

A

formed from crystallization and solification of magma or lava

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8
Q

What tectonic settings use Shearing, Strike-Slip faults

A

Transform boundaries
Faults offsetting the MOR spreading center
(transform plate)

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9
Q

What is evidence for plate tectonics

A

Paleomagnetism showing moving rocks
MOR found
GPS measurements
lined-up earthquakes
Ocean trench found

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10
Q

Types of Subduction

A

Oceanic-Oceanic
OCeanic-Continental

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11
Q

mineral for olivine

A

perodite

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12
Q

Major contribution of Alfred Wegener

A

Proposed COntinental Drift Hyporthesis
Theory of plate tectonics

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13
Q

Hypothesis

A

Explanation or observation that can be tested

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14
Q

What type of fault does continental rift use

A

Tensional, normal faults

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15
Q

internal atomic arrangement

A

proton and neutron in nucleus in middle, electron outside

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16
Q

plate tectonics

A

theory that outer layer of earth is broke ninto several plates that move relative to one another

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17
Q

Evidence to Continental drift hypothesis

A

COastlines of continents fit together (continental shelves)
Similar rocks, mountains, fossils, and glacial formation across oceans
Glaciers in tropical places and tropical plants in arctic places

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18
Q

mantle plume

A

non-moving source of magma

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19
Q

ocean trenches found is evidence of waht

A

Plate tectonics

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20
Q

Warm places having evidence of glaciation in past is evidence of what

A

continental drift

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21
Q

What magma/melt generation does continental collision use

A

no magma formation

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22
Q

what tectonic setting has no magma formation

A

continental collision
transform boundary

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23
Q

GPS measurements is evidence of what

A

Plate tectonics

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24
Q

Special properties of minerals

A

magnetism
dendity (specific gravity)
efforescence (acid test)
fluorescence

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25
Q

Van Der Waals

A

produce from intermol. attraction b/w one molecule and a neighboring molecule

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26
Q

what defines Halides

A

halogens

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27
Q

mineral streak

A

scratch along plate, no matter outside color, streak remain the same

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28
Q

mineraloid

A

substances that do not fit definition of mienral
coal, pearl, obsidian, opal

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29
Q

Mineral for Pryoxene Family

A

Spodumene, Jadetite

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30
Q

present is key to past refers to what concept

A

Law of Uniformitarianism

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31
Q

Biosphere

A

all living organisms

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32
Q

Crust

A

two different- Oceanic and Continental
Oceanic- basalt, 6-7 km thickness
Continental- granite, 35 km thickness

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33
Q

What defines Oxides

A

bonds with O

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34
Q

what needs to happen for rocks to undergo weathering and other sedimentary processes

A

exumation (uplift) of rock back to Earth’s surface

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35
Q

Major groups of silicates

A

olivine
pyroxene
amphibole
micas (biomite, muscovite)
feldspars
quartz

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36
Q

Mid-Ocean Ridge

A

Oceanic lithospheric late moves away from each other, widening of ocean crust, new oceanic crust forms
rift valley is center (spreading center) mantle upwells- decompression melting

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37
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A

rocks that are formed from sediment created by weathering (chemical or physical) of pre-existing rocks

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38
Q

Inner Core

A

Pressure too intense, iron ins solid

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39
Q

native element uses

A

jewelry, coins, industry

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40
Q

3 major rock categories

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

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41
Q

Major defining Characteristic of Transform boundaries

A

no volcanoes
rarely mountains
lots of earthquakes
crust deformed

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42
Q

precipitation from a solution

A

ion in water may form minerals crystals if ion oversatures or if evaporation occurs
bodies of water dry up
stalagmite/stalactite, salt flats, geodes

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43
Q

Objective

A

no personal biases, same for all individuals, based on verifiable facts

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44
Q

What tectonic settings use Compressional, Thrust/reverse faults

A

Subduction (convergent boundaries)
Continetal collision
Convergent boundaries

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45
Q

What type of fault does faults offsetting the MOR spreading centers use

A

shearing, strike slip faults

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46
Q

Transform plate movement

A

plate boundaries move horizontally past each other

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47
Q

Who proposed Continental drift hypothesis

A

alfred wegener

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48
Q

mid ocean ridge found is evidence of what

A

Plate tectonics

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49
Q

Law of superposition

A

in undisturbed layers of rock, oldest layers are at the bottom and youngest at the top

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50
Q

Divergent boundaries types

A

COntinental rift and Mid ocean ridge

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51
Q

Mesosphere

A

base of asthenosphere to core boundary
more rigid and immobile that asthenosphere

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52
Q

phosphates minerals

A

apatite

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53
Q

Wilson Cycle

A

ongoing cyclical process of the origin and breakups of supercontinents

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54
Q

native elements examples

A

gold, silver, copper

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55
Q

Interpretation

A

logical scientific interference based on observation and numerical data and prior knowledge

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56
Q

cooler places with tropical fossils is evidence of waht

A

continental drift

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57
Q

Mantle Convection

A

hotter material rises and cooler material sinks- drag from along base of plates

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58
Q

oxide minerals

A

hematite, magnetite, bauxite

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59
Q

Core

A

Directly below mantle
upper and inner
upper is liquid iron
inner is solid iron

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60
Q

Rules that a mineral must meet

A

naturally occurring
inorganic
crystaline internal structure
solid crystalline substance
defined chemical composition

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61
Q

what defines Phosphate

A

Phosphate tetrohedron (PO4)

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62
Q

sulfates examples

A

gypsum, epsom salts

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63
Q

How do hotspots form

A

mantle plume is stable, but plate itself moves, creates volcanic island. as plate moves, island source is cut off and starts to cool down and sink. Plume creates another one, cycle

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64
Q

What magma/melt generation does continental rift use

A

decompression melting

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65
Q

solid state solutions

A

atoms diffuse slowly through solids, given high temp and pres until rearrange themselves into new mineral
metamorphic rocks

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66
Q

Carbonate uses

A

lime, portalnd cement

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67
Q

rift valley

A

area of extended continental lithosphere, forming a depression, can be narrow or broad

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68
Q

what tectonic setting uses Flux melted magma

A

O-C subduction
O-O subduction
(subduction)

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69
Q

Geosphere

A

solid earth (rock and soil)

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70
Q

Euhedral mineral tells what of the environment

A

well-developed, has room to grow

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71
Q

lithosphere

A

curst and upper mantle
outermost layer
strong, rigid, brittle, broken into plates

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72
Q

decompression melting

A

as plates pulled apart, creates region of low pressure that melts the lithosphere and draws it upwards. WHen reaches the weakened rift zone, it migrates to the surface

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73
Q

What are framework silicate

A

feldspar, Quartz

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74
Q

halid uses

A

table salt, fertlizer

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75
Q

What magma/melt generation does Mid-Ocean RIdge use

A

Decompression melting

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76
Q

change in temp/pres

A

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks change their composition into a new metamorphic rock

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77
Q

ways to atoms can bond to form minerals

A

covalent
ionic
metallic
inter-molecular force bonding (Van Der Waals)

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78
Q

what is most abundant mineral in EARTH”S CRUST

A

feldspar

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79
Q

O-C subduction

A

ocean subducts under continental
on continent- mountain belt with volcano

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80
Q

Major contribution of Nicolaus Steno

A

Law of Superposition

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81
Q

Major defining Characteristic of Continental rift

A

volcanoes and earthquakes
broad and narrow rifts

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82
Q

what defines silicates

A

silicon tetra-hedral (SiO4)

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83
Q

how to become cation or anion

A

cation- lose electron, become more pos.
anion- gain electron, become more neg.

84
Q

Continental Drift Hypothesis

A

continents were originally connected and then drifted apart

85
Q

effervesence

A

acid test- HCl for calcite

86
Q

Ridge Push

A

gravity causes plate to slide away from high topography of Mid-Ocean-Ridges, pushing plate outward

87
Q

How are distribution of volcanism and earthquakes relate to plate tectonics

A

majority of earthquakes and volcanoes fall on same location as plate boundaries

88
Q

Seafloor spreading

A

along Mid-Ocean-Ridges- Earth Crust separates, new crust is created- closer to ridge, younger you are

89
Q

framework silicate

A

feldspar and quarts
share all 4 oxygen wit hadjacent tetrahedrons

90
Q

Difference between Volcanic island arcs and volcanic island chains

A

Volcanic island arcs- made from subduction (have to do with plate boundaries)
VOlcanic island chain- formed over hotspot

91
Q

What magma/melt generation does transform boundary use

A

no magma formation

92
Q

Accretionary prism/wedge

A

mix of sediments that form as a subducting plate descends and the overriding plate scrapes material and material is added

93
Q

mineral cleavage

A

mineral breaks along a plane of weakness

94
Q

what is an interpretatio nof a photo of rocks

A

layers deposited in deep marine setting
(not explaining what rocks look like but making an inference from it0

95
Q

Matching fossils and rocks is evidence of what

A

continental drift

96
Q

What tectonic settings use tensional, normal faults

A

Continental rift
MOR spreading centers
(Divergent)

97
Q

melting

A

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks melt to become magma that then turn igneous

98
Q

sulfides uses

A

ores of lead, copper, mercury

99
Q

fold and thrust belt

A

significant topography, shortening structure luke this affect stratified rocks

100
Q

what are hot spots

A

area where magma breaks through OC or CC and creates a volcanic center, islands in ocean, and mountains on land- volcanic island

101
Q

Hydrosphere

A

all water on earth

102
Q

Sheet silicate

A

Micas- silica tetrahedron share bottom 3 oxygen atoms, one left in corner, bonded weakly to other sheets

103
Q

What type of fault does mid-ocean ridge spreading centers use

A

Tensional, Normal faults

104
Q

strengths of the bond

A

Order of strongest to weakest
covalent, ionic, metallic, Inter.Mol. attr.

105
Q

Crystallization from a melt

A

magma cools, elements combine to form minerals- crystallization of igneous rocks
atoms vibrates in heat, as cool, atoms slow and bond together- form crystal grow into igneous rocks

106
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Process at work today is same as how they were in the past

107
Q

how do minerals cleave in 1 cleavage planes

A

into sheets

108
Q

Weathering

A

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks get broken down slowly over time and turn into sediment- turn into sedimentary rocks

109
Q

sulfates uses

A

sheetrock, therapeutic soak

110
Q

Halides

A

Halogens
evaporation and precipitation

111
Q

What magma/melt generation does Oceanic Oceanic subduction

A

flux melted magma (addition of volatiles)

112
Q

what tectonic setting uses decompression melting

A

Mid-Ocean Ridge
Continental rift
(Divergent boundary)

113
Q

what defines carbonates

114
Q

how do minerals cleave in 2 cleavage planes

A

Perp- right angles
non-perp than 60 and 120
ELONGATED

115
Q

what role does discovery and understanding of magnetic stripes have on Plate Tectonics Theory

A

becomes a fossilized compass, alignment of magnetic rocks for many rocks not close to magnetic north now, explain continental movement better
support seafloor spreading0 youngest to rift, older as get farther away

116
Q

what is comp of continental crust

117
Q

Asthenosphere

A

base of lithosphere to 410-660 km down
weak, solid but flows
what tectonic plates are on top of

118
Q

What type of fault does Transform boundaries use

A

shearing, Strike-slip faults

119
Q

what is direct evidence for direction and rates of plate movement

A

paleomagnetic record of oceanic crust
age of hot spot volcanism in shape of island chain
GPS measurements of tectonic plate movement

120
Q

oxide uses

A

ores of iron and aluminum, pigments

121
Q

Scientific method steps

A

make observation, identify problem, and/or form a question
form one or more hypothesis
conduct experiment, hypothesis revision
peer review, publication, and replication
Scientific theory development

122
Q

crystal habit

A

form/shape if have open space, reflects crystal structure

123
Q

measuring thickness of rock layer using a measring tick is collecting what type of data

A

Quantitative

124
Q

what era is known for dinosaurs

125
Q

Sulfaes

A

SO4- evaporation and precipitation

126
Q

O-O subduction

A

older, colder plates move under warmer younher one
volcanic island arc

127
Q

Mineral for Mica

A

Biotite and Muscavite

128
Q

Crystalization

A

magma and lava become igneous

129
Q

Sulfides

A

sulfide bonded, metallic lust, igneous environment

130
Q

lithification

A

when sediemtns turn into sedimentary rocks

131
Q

How is magma caused in divergent boundaries

A

decompression melting

132
Q

Observation

A

comment/statement about what you see/percieve

133
Q

Silicon tetrahedron

A

SiO4
anion structure of one silicon bonded to 4 oxygen in shape of tetrahedron

134
Q

what is evidecne for continental drift

A

warm places evidence of glaciation in past
matching coastlines
cooler places with tropical fossils
matching fossils and rocks

135
Q

what defines Sulfates

A

sulfate tetrahedron (SO4)

136
Q

Diverge plate movements

A

Away from each other

137
Q

common physical properties of minerals to help geologist identify

A

color, luster, streak, crystal habit

138
Q

Anhedral

A

shows no crystal habit
becuase not prone to habit or grew in way that it was confied and oculd not grow normally

139
Q

What does Earth’s outer core have to do with alternating magnetic patterns

A

outer core is liquid iron, constantly moving, convection and rotation (dynamic)

140
Q

how do minerals cleave in 3 cleavage planes

A

Perp- cubes and box shaped
non-perp- rhomb-shaped pieces

141
Q

Oxides

A

With oxygen- banded ion formation- iron oxide-red streak

142
Q

Material of Rock Cycle

A

Igneous Rocks, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks
Sediment and magma

143
Q

What are Dark ferromagnesian

A

Olvine
Pyroxene
Amphibole

144
Q

Precipitation by organissm

A

create biominerals from environment forms: bones, shells, coverings
mantle from aragonite (polymorpth of calcite)
formation of limestonw

145
Q

carbonate minerals

A

calcite, dolomite, malachite, polomite

146
Q

How do minerals break if no cleavage

A

fracture irregulary
some conchoidal (circular)

147
Q

Major defining Characteristic of continental collision

A

Convergent boundary
tall broad mountains
little volcanism
broad zone of frequent earthquakes

148
Q

names of common rock forming mineral groups

A

Silicates
carbonates
oxides
sulfides
sulfates
halides
phosphates
native minerals

149
Q

covalent bonding

A

shares electrons

150
Q

Scientific Theory

A

hyptohesis that has been repeatedly tested for falsifiability through documented and independent study

151
Q

how valence electronegativity affect covalent and ionic bonds

A

Covalent- elements with similar electronegative combine
ionic- elements with lower give up, higher ones gain, combine

152
Q

Processes of Rock Cycle

A

Crystallization
Weathering
Melting
Lithification
Change in temp and/or pressure

153
Q

Atmosphere

A

gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth

154
Q

order of 8 most abundant elements in crust

A

Oxygen
Silicon
ALuminum
iron
Calciun
Sodium
potassium
magnesium

155
Q

structure of atom

A

neucleus in middle made of protons and nucleus. Electron orbiting neucleus

156
Q

Major defining Characteristic of Divergent boundaries

A

crustal strething- creation of new crust

157
Q

what scale do tectonic plates move on average in a year

158
Q

types of convergent boundaries

A

Subduction and continental collision

159
Q

Minerals for Feldspars

A

Orthoclase (Alkali) Feldspar-
Pagioclast feldspar- (perthite, amazonstone)

160
Q

what defines Sulfides

161
Q

Convergent plate movement

A

move toward each other

162
Q

requirement for mineral is being inorganic, how are biominerals formed by organisms like bones and shells considered true minerals

A

undergo fossilization which changes the biominerals to true minerals that will become part of the sedimentary rocks

163
Q

What type of fault does subduction/covnergent boundaries use

A

Compressional, Thrust/Reverse faults

164
Q

Earth’s Compision layers

A
  • Chemical Layers
    Crust, Mantle, Core
165
Q

what is an objective statement

A

cupcakes contain more sugar than pasta

166
Q

Mantle

A

Below crust
2900 km depth
made up of periodite- mostly solid rock
flows as weak solid- some molten

167
Q

Native Minerals

A

atoms of one element

168
Q

Why was continental drift hypothesis rejected

A

not explain mechanism of how continents moved apart

169
Q

Crysophere

A

all frozen water

170
Q

Phosphate uses

A

fertilizer, teeth, bones

171
Q

Subjective

A

involves person’s feelings, beliefs, not same for all individuals

172
Q

carbonates

A

has Ca, mg, Fe with carbonate. More than 50 different types-

173
Q

Quantitative

A

observations based on numericals dta using tools, instruments

174
Q

Continental rift

A

continents breaking apart, crust thickening, causing faults and rift valley
mantle upwelling
narrow or broad (Garben and Horst)

175
Q

What are the mechanissm of plate tectonics

A

slab pulls
ridge push
mantle convection

176
Q

What type of fault does continental collision use

A

Compressional, Thrust/Reverse faults

177
Q

what are magnetic stripes on seafloor and how are they formed

A

formed by when magma cools, iron bound minerals align themselves with Earth’s current magnetic field
represent changes in dirextion of magnetic poles

178
Q

Paleomagnetism showing moving rocks is evidence of what

A

Plate tectonics

179
Q

Outer core

A

Liquid iron
Earth’s magnetic field

180
Q

Major defining Characteristic of subduction

A

Convergent boundary
largest earthquakes and tsunami
deepest earthquakes appear

181
Q

charge of proton, neutron, electron

A

proton- (+)
neutron- neutral
Electron- (-)

182
Q

What are sheet silicates

183
Q

Euhedral

A

perfectly shows its true crystal habit

184
Q

luster

A

how a mineral surface reflects light

185
Q

dark ferromagnesian silicae

A

iron and metal
olivine, pyrozene, amphibole

186
Q

Earth System

A

sum of physical, chemical, and biological processes operating on and within the Earth
(Geosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, biosphere)

187
Q

Mineral for Amphiboel

A

Jade, Asbestos

188
Q

halides elements

A

halite, Flaurite

189
Q

How do hot spots support plate tectonics

A

Indicate where plate used to be and rate the plate is moving

190
Q

slab pulls

A

gravity pulls dense subducting slabs in asthenosphere

191
Q

four ways a mineral can form

A

crystallization from a melt
precipitation form a solution
precipitation by organisms
solid state solutions

192
Q

element

A

made up of atoms, on table

193
Q

evidence for seafloor spreading and age of ocean crust

A

Magnetic stripes of floor
ocean drilling
GPS measurements
ocean trenches, lined up earthquakes, GPS measurements, mid-ocean ridge, and Paleomagnetism

194
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Rocks that are formed by chemical and/or physical textual alterations of pre-existing rocks from temperature and/or pressure changes

195
Q

line up earthquakes is evidence of what

A

Plate tectonics

196
Q

Major contribution of James Hutton

A

Father of Modern Geology
LAw of Uniformitarianism
Rock Cycle
Relative Age of Earth

197
Q

sulfides minerals

A

galena, Pyric (fools Gold)

198
Q

Physical Layers

A

Lithosphere
asthenosphere
mesosphere
outer core
inner core

199
Q

Major contribution of Charles Lyell

A

Published prinicples of Geology and Elements of Geology 1830
Acceptance of Uniformitarianism

200
Q

matching coastlines is evidence for what

A

continental drift

201
Q

what is most abundant mineral IN EARTH

A

olvine (peridot)- majority of mantle

202
Q

How is magma caused by subduction

A

as plates subduct, immense heat and pressure push volatile material into mantle wesge. Released by hydrated mineral and mixes with asthenosphere material above plate, flux melting become magma. More buoyant so emerges (volcanism)

203
Q

Isostasy

A

Relationship between crustal thickness, density, and elevation

204
Q

OCean Trench

A

prominent long narrow depression in ocean floor

205
Q

Continental collision

A

two continental plates collide- no subduction

206
Q

most common rock forming mineral group- why

A

silicates
most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are silicon and oxygen

207
Q

silica sandwich structure refers to what type of silicate mienral

A

mica, sheet silicates

Geology (8 decks)

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