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Geology > REVIEW FOR TEST 2 > Flashcards

REVIEW FOR TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stromatolites

A

Flat or hemispherically laminated structured of fine caebonate, fine organic matter, and clay/silt
Formed by trapping and binding of cyanobacteria
Formed today by mainly in shallow tidal zones
Oldest fossil
Occur in carbonate limestones

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2
Q

chemical processes
Metamorphic

A

recrystallization
remobilization
pressure solution

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3
Q

Physical appearance of lava domes

A

dome feature- plugging of vent due to high viscosity
small to moderate in size

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4
Q

Inorganic Sedimentary Rock- Travertine

A

calcite slowly precipitate from water, leaving thin band/layer (caves and hot spring)

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5
Q

Fossiliferous limestone

A

abundant visible fossiles (marine invertebrates)
Coral reefs, shallow ocean setting, lakes

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6
Q

Deep Marine

A

Relatively flat plain, low energy
Dominated by ocean currents
Main sediment0 very fine grains mud and oozes
Rocks: chert, shale, carbonate, mudstone

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7
Q

Ripples

A

Small ridges in the sands creates as sand piles up

Cm scale bedforms

Asymmetrical- unidirectional flow- rivers

Symmetrical- Bidirectional flow- waves, tides

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8
Q

Shallow Marine

A

Continental shelf- Marine
Moderate energy, storms
Important transport process- waves and tidal current s
Main sediment- fine sand and mud
Main rock- mudstone, sandstone, carbonates
Structures- planar bedding, cross beds, storm influence
Main fossils- bioturbation, few marine invertebrates, fish

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9
Q

Bedding Planes

A

Sedimentary material or deposition in horizontal layers forming beds

Beds are bigger than 1 cm thick

Defined by differene in color, sediment size, and/or resistance to erosion

A different bed incidactes change in sediment deposition conditions

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10
Q

Physical processes metamorphism

A

Deformation of objects
Rotation
Shearing

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11
Q

Beach

A

Transitional
Important transport process- wave and tidal current
Main sediment- sand
Main rock- sandstone
Main strucute- plane bed, large cross beds
Constant wave activgity, little to no structure preserved
Main fossils- bioturbation, marine invertebrates, rare vertebrates, some corals

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12
Q

Inorganic Sedimentary- Banded Ions Formations

A

iron oxide precipitated from ocean water depositing on ocean floor in concentration bands, alternating with chert

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13
Q

Deltas

A

Transitional - Where rivers enters oceans

Three types- river delta, wave delta, tide dominated delta
Main sediment: channelized sand, mud, organic matter (swamp)
Main rock- clastic rocks, coal/organic sedimentary rocks (swamps)
Main structure- cross bed, delta seidments, sequence (muds to fine sand to coarse sands and organic rich rocks)
Main fossils- many to few fossils

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14
Q

Physical appearance of Calderas

A

moderate to very large circular, steep-walled depressions

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15
Q

Chalk

A

Soft powdery, brittle limestone, Composed mostly of calcite
Accumulation of calcium- rich shells of microorganisms and algae in deep ocean

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16
Q

Bed Forms

A

Sedimentary structures formed from a current (water or wind) working on sandy sediment

Ripples

Dunes

17
Q

Magma compositions of Calderas

A

Intermediate to felsic comp

18
Q

Inorganic Sedimentary Rocks - Inorganic Chert

A

Microcrysyalline quartz precipitated out of silica rich groundwater
Jasper, Flint, Onyx, Agate

19
Q

Lacustrine

A

Continental- Lakes
Low energy environment
Main sediment- fine-grained
Main rock- shale
Main structure- lamination
Main fossil- freshwater organisms

20
Q

Physical appearance of shield volcano

A

long angles, broad flanks
small vents and craters at top
can be largest of volcano- size varies

21
Q

Dunes

A

Meter Scale Ripples

22
Q

Inorganic Sedimentary rocks high evaporation rate

A

cause bodies of water to dry up
Dissolved ions precipitation out of solution
Forming evaporate minerals
Salt, calcite, gypsum, halite

23
Q

Chalk is considered a biochemical sedimentary rock because

A

It’s a carbonate that formed from the calcium-rich skeletons of microorganisms that had accumulated on the seafloor

24
Q

Inorganic

A

evaporates/precipitates from water (by chemical reactions)
Classified by composition

25
Q

Aeolian

A

Continental - Wind-blown
Sand dragged along surface or briefly lifted- silt and clay blown away and carried long distances
Main sediment- very well sorted sant and silt
Main rock- sandstone
Main strucute- large cross beds
Main fossils- rare

26
Q

Continental Rift has what type of igneous rock comp

A

Felsic rock-
intermediate magma

27
Q

Subduction Zone

A

Convergence
SUBDUCTION and REGIONAL metamorphism

Reverse/Thrust Faulting
FAULT metamorphism and BURIAL metamorphism

CONTACT metamorphism- magma intrusion into continental crust

28
Q

Fluvial

A

Continental- Rivers

High low energy, water transport

Meandering and braided rivers
Meandering- 1 single channel
Braided- multiple channels

Main sediments- sand, mud, coarse grains
Main rocks- sandstone, conglomerates, siltstone
Main structure- cross beds, asymmetric ripples, channels
Main fossils- bone beds,

29
Q

Bioturbation

A

Reworking of soft sediment by burrowing organisms

SHALLOW MARINE environments

Used to indicate WATER DEPTH

30
Q

Laccoliths

A

lens shaped, cause surface doming

31
Q

Laminations

A

Parallel layers, less than 1 cm thick, fine grained sediments

Fine grained sediment deposited in QUIET,

LOW energy environment

Lake, deep ocean

32
Q

Biochemical

A

formed from shells/skeletons of marine/freshwater organisms
Organisms extract dissolved material out of water to form shells, when dies, the hard parts deposit on sea floor as sediment that lithifies when buried

fossiliferous limestone
chalk
biogenic chert
stromatolites

33
Q

Graded Bedding

A

Change in grain size within a sediment bed

Trends from coarse to finer; or finer to coarser

Caused by changes in currents speed

Events like FLOOD, LANDSLIDES, SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES

34
Q

What are the metamorphic rock textures produced from directed stresses?

A

Shistosity- schist
Shearing- mylonite
Foliation- Gneiss

35
Q

Inorganic Sedimentary rocks- rich groundwater

A

abundant dissolved ions precipiate out of solution-
lakes streams hot spring, caves
stalagmaite and stalactite

36
Q

Mudcracks and raindrop impressions

A

When wet-logged clay rich sediment dries out

Shrinking mud forms cracks- get preserved if sediment fills in cracks

Can form TIDAL FLATS; DRIED LAKES: SHORELINES

37
Q

Cross-Beds

A

How do ripples and Dunes Migrate
Wind or water transport grains on upstream side and deposits grains on downstream side

Migrating dune/ripple erodes, the crest in front of it , leaving base as layer behind with crossbedding

Downstream migration of ripples produce crossbedding

Paleocurrent direction
Crossbeds tilt down- current and thus indicate DIRECTION OF FLOW

38
Q

Biogenic Chert

A

Microcyralline quartz made of shells from microorganisms (plankton)
Siliceous ooze in deep ocean, lakes

39
Q

Hot Spot has what type of igneous rock comp

A

oceanic- mafic to intermediate
continetal- mafic to felsic

Geology (8 decks)

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