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Geology > Ch. 1 > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cryosphere

A

frozen water of the earth

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2
Q

rock cycle

A

describes the major materials that comprise the earth, the processes that form them, and how they relate to each other

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3
Q

Weathering

A

physical or chemical breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments

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4
Q

psuedoscience

A

collection of ideas that may appear scientific but does not use the scientific method
cannot be tested and not meet scientific standards

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5
Q

biosphere

A

life on earth in all its forms and interactions including humankind

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6
Q

science

A

provides means to evaluate and create new knowledge without bias

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7
Q

Charles Lyell

A

wrote princples of geology and elements of geology
made uniformitarianism popular

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8
Q

What is the geocentric model

A

earth is center of universe, everything revolvs around it- 2nd centry Ptolemy

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9
Q

oceanic crust

A

basalt, 6-7 km, bottom of ocean

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10
Q

3 main layers by chemical comp

A

crust, mantle, and core

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11
Q

continental crust

A

50 km thick and composed of low density igneuous and sedimentary rocks

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12
Q

two types of crust

A

continental and oceanic crust

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13
Q

mantle

A

the largest chemical layer by volume, lies below the crust and extends 1800 miles below the Earth’s surface
peridodite

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14
Q

Catastrophism

A

Before Uniformitarianism (by Werner)
rocks and landforms were formed by great catastrophic events
processes that operate today did not operate in the past

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15
Q

Principle of Uniformitarianism

A

states that natural processes operate the same now as in the past
laws of nature are uniform acorss space and time

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16
Q

ingeneous rocks

A

begins with magma that forms under the earth’s surface in the crust; when cools it solidifies through process called crystalization

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17
Q

subjective observation

A

based on a person’s feelings and beliefs and is unique to that ind

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18
Q

Empiricism

A

emphasizes the value of evidence gained from experimentation and observation

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19
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

applies known principles of thought to establish new ideas or predict new outcomes
start with generalized principles and logically extends them to new ideas or specific conclusions

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20
Q

oceanic crust

A

10 km, made of high density igneous basalt type rocks
70% of planet

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21
Q

continental crust

A

granite, 35 km, continents and continental shelves,less dense

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22
Q

precambrian time

A

three oldest eons

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23
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

begins from new observations and attempts to discern underlying generalized principles
comes from analyzing measurable evidence

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24
Q

3 eras of phanerozoic

A

paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic

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25
Q

core

A

under the mantle which is 2200 mi thick and iron and nickel

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26
Q

paleozoic

A

ancient life,

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27
Q

mesozoic

A

middle life (age of reptiles) - dinosaurs

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28
Q

lithification

A

process of compaction and cementation

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29
Q

lithosphere

A

outermost layer, strong rigid, brittle, broken into plates

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30
Q

phanerozoic

A

makes the proliferation of multicellular animals
3 eras

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31
Q

hydrologic cycle

A

movement of H2O through Earth’s sphere

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32
Q

atmosphere

A

the gas envelope surrounding the earth

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33
Q

falsifiable

A

means any hypothesis may be tested and proven false

34
Q

two types of core

A

upper and lower

35
Q

earth science system

A

the study of interaction of the spheres within the system that is the earth

36
Q

hydrosphere

A

water in all its forms at and near the surface of the earth

37
Q

Kelper

A

expanded heliocentric model- elliptical model

38
Q

crust

A

outermost layer and is composed of silicont

39
Q

Galileo

A

used to telescope to have first direct evidence to contradict the geocentric model

40
Q

geosphere

A

solid body of earth

41
Q

Who is known as the first modern scientist

A

Galileo

42
Q

Copernicus

A

15-16th century, proposed that earth and planets orbit the sun

43
Q

upper (outer core)

A

liquid

44
Q

eons

A

largest division of time and from oldest to youngeswt are named
Hadean, Archan, Proterozoic, and phanerozoic

45
Q

quantative measurements

A

general or relative descriptions

46
Q

deposition

A

when deposited sediments accumulate, older sediments get buried by new deposits

47
Q

Sediments

A

broken down and transported fragments or grains

48
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

rocks have weathering, sediments are transported by streams, rest by deposition, compacted by weight of overlying sediments (lithification).

49
Q

rock cycle graph

A

look at notebook

50
Q

qualatative measurements

A

general of relative descriptions

51
Q

Abraham Werner

A

Catastrophism
first to suggest Species can go extinct

52
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Alfred Wegener
first scientist to compile a large data set supporting the idea of continents shifting places over time

53
Q

inner core

A

solid

54
Q

how old is the earth

A

4.4 billion years old- lead isotopes

55
Q

lower (inner) core

A

solid

56
Q

crystalization

A

mineral grow within the magma or lava

57
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

rocks are subjected to extreme increases in temperature or pressure, the minerals are enlarged or altered into entirely new minerals with similar chemical makeup

58
Q

when did empiricism become popular

A

Renaissance

59
Q

Steno

A

studied anatomy and geology
suggested Sedimentary rocks- like sandstone- originally formed in horizontal layers with the oldest on the bottom and progressively younger on the top

60
Q

where did Western Scientific though begin

A

Athens, Greece

61
Q

isostasy

A

relationship between crustal thickness, density, and elevation

62
Q

physical layers

A

lithosphere, asthenosphere, menosphere, outer core, inner core

63
Q

When did life appear

A

3.8 mya; single celled organisms

64
Q

differentiation

A

process in which a primitive planetary interior composire of a uniform distribution of material , separates into layers of different density

65
Q

What did Aristotle use

A

Empiricism- deduction

66
Q

what does inductive and deductive reasoning both emphasize

A

observation and interference

67
Q

Asthenosphere

A

underlying mobile layer where plate tectonic moves

68
Q

different spheres

A

geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryptosphere

69
Q

outer core

A

liquid (earth’s magneitc field)

70
Q

objective observation

A

without personal bias and same by all individuals

71
Q

who is known as father of modern geology

A

James Hutton

72
Q

erosion

A

removal of these fragments from their original location

73
Q

asthenosphere

A

base of lithosphere to 410-660 km, weak, solid but flows (ductile)

74
Q

Scientist

A

seek to understand the fundamental principles that explain natural patterns and processes

75
Q

Geology

A

essential to locating, extracting, and managing natural resources; evaluating the environmental impacts of using or extracting resources, effect of natural hazards

76
Q

scientific method steps

A

observe problem/formulate question
apply objective experimentation and observation
analyze collected data and interpret results
devise evidence based theory
submit finding to peer review and publication

77
Q

cenozoic

A

new age- life of mammals

78
Q

mesophere

A

base of asthenosphere to core, more rigid and immobile than asthenosphere

79
Q

tectonic plates

A

made of crust and portion of upper mantle forming lithospherem

80
Q

Hutton

A

studied rivers and coastlines
earth much older than previously thought
uniformitarianism

Geology (8 decks)

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