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Geology > Ch. 1 > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cryosphere

A

frozen water of the earth

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2
Q

rock cycle

A

describes the major materials that comprise the earth, the processes that form them, and how they relate to each other

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3
Q

Weathering

A

physical or chemical breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments

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4
Q

psuedoscience

A

collection of ideas that may appear scientific but does not use the scientific method
cannot be tested and not meet scientific standards

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5
Q

biosphere

A

life on earth in all its forms and interactions including humankind

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6
Q

science

A

provides means to evaluate and create new knowledge without bias

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7
Q

Charles Lyell

A

wrote princples of geology and elements of geology
made uniformitarianism popular

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8
Q

What is the geocentric model

A

earth is center of universe, everything revolvs around it- 2nd centry Ptolemy

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9
Q

oceanic crust

A

basalt, 6-7 km, bottom of ocean

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10
Q

3 main layers by chemical comp

A

crust, mantle, and core

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11
Q

continental crust

A

50 km thick and composed of low density igneuous and sedimentary rocks

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12
Q

two types of crust

A

continental and oceanic crust

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13
Q

mantle

A

the largest chemical layer by volume, lies below the crust and extends 1800 miles below the Earth’s surface
peridodite

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14
Q

Catastrophism

A

Before Uniformitarianism (by Werner)
rocks and landforms were formed by great catastrophic events
processes that operate today did not operate in the past

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15
Q

Principle of Uniformitarianism

A

states that natural processes operate the same now as in the past
laws of nature are uniform acorss space and time

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16
Q

ingeneous rocks

A

begins with magma that forms under the earth’s surface in the crust; when cools it solidifies through process called crystalization

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17
Q

subjective observation

A

based on a person’s feelings and beliefs and is unique to that ind

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18
Q

Empiricism

A

emphasizes the value of evidence gained from experimentation and observation

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19
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

applies known principles of thought to establish new ideas or predict new outcomes
start with generalized principles and logically extends them to new ideas or specific conclusions

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20
Q

oceanic crust

A

10 km, made of high density igneous basalt type rocks
70% of planet

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21
Q

continental crust

A

granite, 35 km, continents and continental shelves,less dense

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22
Q

precambrian time

A

three oldest eons

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23
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

begins from new observations and attempts to discern underlying generalized principles
comes from analyzing measurable evidence

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24
Q

3 eras of phanerozoic

A

paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic

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25
core
under the mantle which is 2200 mi thick and iron and nickel
26
paleozoic
ancient life,
27
mesozoic
middle life (age of reptiles) - dinosaurs
28
lithification
process of compaction and cementation
29
lithosphere
outermost layer, strong rigid, brittle, broken into plates
30
phanerozoic
makes the proliferation of multicellular animals 3 eras
31
hydrologic cycle
movement of H2O through Earth's sphere
32
atmosphere
the gas envelope surrounding the earth
33
falsifiable
means any hypothesis may be tested and proven false
34
two types of core
upper and lower
35
earth science system
the study of interaction of the spheres within the system that is the earth
36
hydrosphere
water in all its forms at and near the surface of the earth
37
Kelper
expanded heliocentric model- elliptical model
38
crust
outermost layer and is composed of silicont
39
Galileo
used to telescope to have first direct evidence to contradict the geocentric model
40
geosphere
solid body of earth
41
Who is known as the first modern scientist
Galileo
42
Copernicus
15-16th century, proposed that earth and planets orbit the sun
43
upper (outer core)
liquid
44
eons
largest division of time and from oldest to youngeswt are named Hadean, Archan, Proterozoic, and phanerozoic
45
quantative measurements
general or relative descriptions
46
deposition
when deposited sediments accumulate, older sediments get buried by new deposits
47
Sediments
broken down and transported fragments or grains
48
Sedimentary rocks
rocks have weathering, sediments are transported by streams, rest by deposition, compacted by weight of overlying sediments (lithification).
49
rock cycle graph
look at notebook
50
qualatative measurements
general of relative descriptions
51
Abraham Werner
Catastrophism first to suggest Species can go extinct
52
Plate Tectonics
Alfred Wegener first scientist to compile a large data set supporting the idea of continents shifting places over time
53
inner core
solid
54
how old is the earth
4.4 billion years old- lead isotopes
55
lower (inner) core
solid
56
crystalization
mineral grow within the magma or lava
57
metamorphic rocks
rocks are subjected to extreme increases in temperature or pressure, the minerals are enlarged or altered into entirely new minerals with similar chemical makeup
58
when did empiricism become popular
Renaissance
59
Steno
studied anatomy and geology suggested Sedimentary rocks- like sandstone- originally formed in horizontal layers with the oldest on the bottom and progressively younger on the top
60
where did Western Scientific though begin
Athens, Greece
61
isostasy
relationship between crustal thickness, density, and elevation
62
physical layers
lithosphere, asthenosphere, menosphere, outer core, inner core
63
When did life appear
3.8 mya; single celled organisms
64
differentiation
process in which a primitive planetary interior composire of a uniform distribution of material , separates into layers of different density
65
What did Aristotle use
Empiricism- deduction
66
what does inductive and deductive reasoning both emphasize
observation and interference
67
Asthenosphere
underlying mobile layer where plate tectonic moves
68
different spheres
geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryptosphere
69
outer core
liquid (earth's magneitc field)
70
objective observation
without personal bias and same by all individuals
71
who is known as father of modern geology
James Hutton
72
erosion
removal of these fragments from their original location
73
asthenosphere
base of lithosphere to 410-660 km, weak, solid but flows (ductile)
74
Scientist
seek to understand the fundamental principles that explain natural patterns and processes
75
Geology
essential to locating, extracting, and managing natural resources; evaluating the environmental impacts of using or extracting resources, effect of natural hazards
76
scientific method steps
observe problem/formulate question apply objective experimentation and observation analyze collected data and interpret results devise evidence based theory submit finding to peer review and publication
77
cenozoic
new age- life of mammals
78
mesophere
base of asthenosphere to core, more rigid and immobile than asthenosphere
79
tectonic plates
made of crust and portion of upper mantle forming lithospherem
80
Hutton
studied rivers and coastlines earth much older than previously thought uniformitarianism

Geology (8 decks)

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