Study Guide Chapter 5

Question 1

Define metabolism and differentiate between anabolism and catabolism reactions

Answer 1

Anabolism: uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules

Catabolism: breaks down complex molecules; provides energy and building blocks for anabolism

Metabolism: the sum of all chemical reactions of the cel involving the build up and break down of proteins

Question 2

Describe basic characteristics of enzymes

Answer 2

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, proteins, act on specific substrate

Question 3

How do enzymes work

Answer 3

highly specific and binds to active sites

Question 4

Define what a metabolic pathway is and explain the role of enzymes

Answer 4

Metabolic Pathways: Sequences of enzymatically catalyzieed chemical reactions in a cell

Each chemical reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a different enzyme

Question 5

Explain the regulations of cellular metabolism via feedback inhibition

Answer 5

Regulates cellular metabolism by shitting down the metabolic pathway when end product is in excess

Question 6

Distinguish between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 6

Competitive: Fills the active site on an enzyme and competes with the substrate
Noncompetitive: interacts with another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather then the active site

Question 7

Describe characteristics of ATP and explain the role of ATP/ADP cycle in cell membrane

Answer 7

ATP: cellular energy, very unstable cant store it
ADP: gets a phosphate attatched and turns to ATP

Question 8

Distinguish between aerobic and anarobic Cellular Respiration and provide the overall reaction for aerobic CR

Answer 8

Aerobic: Utilizes oxygen: C6H12O6=6O2–>6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Anarobic: doesn’t use oxygen

Question 9

Describe steps and Stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Question 10

Distinguish between substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis

Answer 10

Substrate Level Phosphorylation:
- ATP is generated when high energy is edded to ADP catalyzed by an enzyme (kinase)

oxidative phosphorylation:
- Electrons are transferred from 1 electron carrier to another along an ETC on a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP

Chemiosmosis:
- The process where in ATP is generated from ADP using energy derived from ETC

Question 11

List the amounts of ATP, NADH and FADH produced in each stage

Answer 11

Glycolysis:
8 ATP, 2 NADH
Krebs:
2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH
ETC:
28 ATP

Question 12

List the different final electron accepters in anaerobic CR

Answer 12

NO3-
SO4^2-
CO3^2-

Question 13

Describe how lipids and proteins conserve as nutrients via their breakdown in CR

Answer 13

Proteins:
- Degraded by extracellular proteases and peptides into amino acids
- AA can be deaminated, decarboxylated, desulferated to obtain moleculces that can enter Krebs cycle

Lipids:
- Triglycerides can be broken down by lipases into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 14

Distinguish between CR and Fermentation

Answer 14

Fermentation doesnt have ETC or Kreb Cycle; Doesnt require O2 and the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule

Question 15

Provide the overall chemical reactions for homolactid and alcohol fermentation

Answer 15

Homolactid: produced lactic acid only

Alcohol: produced ethanol and CO2; Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid, PA is converted to Acetaldehyde and CO2; NADH reduces Acetaldhyde to ethanol

Question 16

Describe Amino Acid Structure

Answer 16

Side chain
Amino group
carboxyl group

Question 17

Explain oxidation, reduction, deamination, decarboxylation, dehydragenation and desulfurylation in relation to protein catabolism

Answer 17

oxidation: removal of electrons
reduction: gain of electrons
deamination: removal of AA or AA group
decarboxylation: removal of carboxylic acid
dehydragenation: removal of hydrogen
desulfurylation: removal of sulfate from r-group

Question 18

Define Photosynthesis: Light dep/ indep

Answer 18

Light indep; ATP and NADPH are used to reduce to sugar via the calvin benson cycle

Light Dep: conversions of light energy into chemical energy
Cyclic: light changes cholophyll and it pumps out electrons, as they are passed through ETC they synthesize ATP
NonCyclic: linear, 2 clusters of chlorophyll. Light super charges electrons and these electrons go to photosynthesis not back home

Question 19

Catagorize the nutritional patterns by energy and carbon source

Answer 19

Photoautotroph: light; CO2

Photoheterotroph: light; Organic compound

Chemoautotroph: inorganic chemical;Co2

Chemoheterotroph: Chemical; Organic Compound

Question 20

Distinguish between autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria

Answer 20

Auto=self eating
hetero=eats other things