Study Guide Ch. 1 and 2 Done

Question 1

Define Microbiology and the areas of study it is subdivided into

Answer 1

Microbiology: Area of the biological sciences that study the organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
divided into: Bacteriology, Mycology, Parasitology, Immunology and Virology

Question 2

Define the theories of spontaneous generation and Biogenesis as well as their impact in the development of microbiology?

Answer 2

• Spontaneous Generation: hypothesis that life arises from non-living matter, a “vital force” is necessary for like. As long as theres air things can just spawn
• Biogenesis: Hypothesis that living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells

Question 3

Describe Pasteur’s swan neck bottle experiment and how it discredits the theory of spontaneous gen and backs biogenesis

Answer 3

The swan neck bottle allowed there to be air flow to the substance however since microbes don’t have wings they got stuck in the neck of the bottle while the air flowed through the tube.
This proved biogen because he knew he needed air but thought the aur may be the contaminating factor. So he made clean air be able to get in

Question 4

Explain the germ theory of disease and explain Koch’s postulates as well as how they were definitive in the verification of this theory

Answer 4

Germ Theory of Disease: Ignas Semmelweis advocated that hand washing is important to not spread diseases from patient to patient
John Snow traced a choloera outbreak to a swear pump in London. Joseph Lister used chemical antiseptic by usuing carbolic acid to prevent wound infections

Kochs postulates:
- Demonstrated specific microbes cause specific diseases
- Koch was able to develop pure culture techniques

Question 5

Explain 1st-3rd Golden Eras of Microbiology

Answer 5

1st:
- Development of sterilization, antiseptic procedures and pure culture techniques
- Pasteur: created pasteurization (heat killing pathogens)

2nd:
- Realization that there is 2 kinds of cells (prok and euk)
- Discovery of viruses and prions; viruses/bacteria can spontaneously mutate
- Treatment of diseases with chemicals to kill it without hurting host

3rd:
- Molecular genetics, Emerging/Re-emerging diseases, climate change, increased antibiotic resistance

Question 6

Describe the main differences between euk and prok cells

Answer 6

Prok: Simple and primitive cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Euk: Advanced and complex cells that possesses a membrane-bound nuc and organelles

Question 7

Explain the importance of Microbiology

Answer 7

• All life on this planet is dependent on microbial and biochemical activities
• food production and waste disposal
• Human Diseases: Agents and to provide cures

Question 7

Explain Practical Uses of Microbiology

Answer 7

• Public health and epidemiology
• Food ad Dairy
• Environmental
• Industrial
• Biotechnology
• Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology

Question 8

Describe how you tel microorganisms apart

Answer 8

• Appearance
• Composition
• Biochemistry
• Behaviour
• Genetics

Question 9

Describe how microorganisms are classified

Answer 9

3 domains based on cellular organization and genetic relationships (Carl Woese)

Question 10

Describe the hierarchal system of classification of living organisms and nomenclature

Answer 10

Domain
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 11

Describe Atoms, chemical bonds, and four types of organic compounds

Answer 11

Atoms: Smallest component of a substance, can’t be divided without losing properties
Chemical Bonds: Valence electrons of the combining atoms form Chem bond
4 types: Carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

Question 12

Define Acid, base, salt and pH

Answer 12

Acid: a substance that dissociates into 1 or more hydrogen ions
Base: dissociates into one or more negative ions
Salt:
pH: measure of hydrogen ions in a solution

Question 13

Robert Hook

Answer 13

Said that living things are composed of little boxed or cells

Question 14

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 14

First microbes viewed on this scope and he called them animalcules
viewed in lake water

Question 15

Girolamo Francastolo

Answer 15

proposed that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seed like entities

Question 16

Francesco Redi

Answer 16

Filled jars with decaying meat and covered it so flies cannot touch it. (no maggots bc the flies couldn’t touch it)
supports Biogenesis

Question 17

John Needham

Answer 17

Boils broth to kill everything in it, let it cool then covered it. Found living organisms but thinks bc it was covered it supports spontaneous gen
Comes up with the idea that Air is a vital force

Question 18

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Answer 18

Says what if there are microbes in the air and the broth is being contaminated from air.
Sealed first then boiled to kill bacteria. There was no growth and it supported biogenesis

Question 19

Who settled the biogen and spontagnous gen debate

Answer 19

Pastuer

Question 20

Edward Jenner

Answer 20

Inoculated a person with the safer cowpox virus as a vaccine to small pox

Question 21

Why arent Viruses and Prions considered living organisms

Answer 21

They lack the ability to replicate or carry out matabolic processes on their own

Question 22

Properties of Water

Answer 22

Polarity; Good Solvent; Temp buffer and good reactant

Question 23

Define chemical reaction

Answer 23

making and breaking of bonds