Study Guide Flashcards
What are the four basic systems of speech production?
respiration
phonation
resonance
articulation
What is respiration and what is its basic contribution to speech production?
- it is the power mechanism
- during speech production there is less air pressure in lungs & air rushes to meet demands for speaking
what is phonation and what is its basic contribution to speech production? And what are the 3 aspects of voice?
- phonation=vocal fold movement–>influences voice characteristics
- 3 aspects of voice: pitch, intensity, phonatory quality
What is resonance and what is its basic contribution to speech production?
- quality of voice
- fund. frequency that is generated at the vocal folds, reverberates throughout the vocal tract
- enhances acoustic proficiency
What is articulation? What are the movable and immovable articulators?
- articulation is speech sound production
- moveable articulators: tongue, lips, soft palate
- immoveable articulators-teeth, jaw, and alveolar ridge
Why is our hearing essential in processing and producing speech?
- hearing is foundational for speech/language development
- it helps monitor/regulate our own speech
explain the anatomy of the eustachian tube and its primary function & secondary function
- ET originates at the rear of the nose and ends in the middle ear
- primary function: ventilate the middle ear to maintain equal pressure
- secondary function: drain secretions & debris from middle ear space
What is the job of a healthy Eustachian tube and what position is it in?
closed to protect the middle ear
What does an unhealthy eustachian tube look like? and what happens when it is unhealthy?
- open or blocked
- pain or sensation of “earfullness”
- sounds are perceived as muffled
- worsening of unhealthy ET: creates negative pressure & fluid drawn into middle ear
- at risk for chronic ear infections
What is theory?
explains a natural phenomena that allows us to PREDICT FUTURE OCCURENCE & TEST through experimentation and observation
What is model?
representation & interpretation of the theory (on a smaller scale) that GUIDES CLINICAL WORK
What is the articulatory model?
-articulatory movements and capabilities are the contributing factors to the development of speech sounds
What is the Vocal Tract model?
speech development is predicted partly on the growth and anatomic restructuring of the vocal tract
What is the Motor Control model?
acquisition of speech results from early oral-sensory movements to more controlled articulatory movements
What is the feedback model?
Acquisition of speech requires continuous feedback to maintain speech production
What is the connectionist model?
speech production involves multiple information processing units that form interconnected and close knit networks
What is phonology?
study of how sounds are organized and used within a language system
what is a phoneme?
group of sounds rather than a single sound; production varies slightly in different position in words but does not change meaning
what is a morpheme?
smalles unit of language that carries meaning
what is a free morpheme?
whole word & can stand alone
what is a bound morpheme?
prefix/suffix; attached to word to change word meaning
what are minimal pairs?
similar morphemes except for one phoneme (cat vs. bat)
What is coarticulation?
the influence sounds have on one another (within words, phrases, and sentences)
What are cognate pairs?
/θ/ & /ð/ /ʃ/ & /ʒ/ /tʃ/ & /dʒ/ /v/ & /f/ /s/ & /z/ /d/ & /t/ /b/ & /p/ /k/ & /g/
What is broad (phonemic) transcription?
IPA symbols represented between slashes/vergules (/m/)–>pretty broad
-generally transcribes the intended word
what is narrow (phonetic) transcription?
IPA symbols represented between brackets ([m])–>more specific
-used when transcribing exactly what the client said
what are the purposes and benefits of transcription?
- allows for consistent recordings of speech sound productions
- important for studying languages
- highlights patterns of productions
- helps differentiate between normal vs. distorted speech
What are diacritical markers and what are they used for?
special symbols used to represent variation in phoneme production
What are Oller’s 5 stages of Prelinguistic development?
- Phonation Stage: birth-1 month
- Coo & Goo Stage: 2-3 months
- Exploration/Expansion Stage: 4-6 months
- Canonical Babbling Stage: 7-9 months
- Variegated Babbling Stage: 10-12 months
What are the characteristics of the phonation stage?
- birth-1 month
- they don’t initiate much, they are responding to stimuli
- Reflexive vocalizations with few speech like sounds
- vocalizations resembling vowels
- limited oral resonance
What are the characteristics of the coo & goo stage?
- 2-3 months
- production of “primitive” syllable sequences
- expect them to start imitating @ this stage
- sounds are acoustically similar to back vowels and CV & VC syllables
- Irregular timing in the opening and closing of CV segments
What are the characteristics of the Exploration/Expansion stage
- 4-6 months
- increasing control of laryngeal & articulatory mechanism
- period of vocal play: squeals, growls, yells, raspberries
- vowel productions: better oral resonance sounding more adult-like
- consonant productions: better constriction (consonant like)
- productions-CV & VC syllable sequences (marginal babbling)
- timing for opening and closing still difficult
What are the characteristics of the Canonical Babbling stage?
- 7-9 months
- CV syllables continue and are more adult like in timing for opening & closure
- Longer CV syllable strings-reduplicated syllable sequences (mama, dada) starting to represent “real” words
- Phonetic repertoire-still limited but may contain stops, nasals, glides, and lax vowels (/ɛ,ɪ,ʌ/)
- Production of alveolar sounds emerge
what are the characteristics of the variegated babbling stage?
- 10-12 months
- CV syllable sequence continue and become more differentiated (magada, tikada)
- C and V repertoire increases
- Variegated syllable sequences-connected CV string resembling real statements, questions, & exclamations
- Quality of intonation patterns are more adult-like
- Jargon-Variegated syllables with modulated babbling
What is a true word?
-stable phonetic form similar to adult form
What are the two main categories for English phonemes?
-consonants & vowels
How are consonants produced?
produced by partial/complete “constriction” of the vocal tract
How are vowels produced?
Produced with relatively “open” vocal tract
What are monophthongs?
pure vowels-one sound
what are diphthongs?
- two simple vowels
- quick gliding from articulatory position to the next
Describe the Cv structure
open syllable
consonant is prevocalic
initial position
Describe vC structure
closed syllable
consonant is “postvocalic”
final position
Describe vCv structure
open syllable
consonant is intervocalic
medial positition
describe V structure
syllabic
stand alone (“I”)
nucleus of syllables
describe Cv or CCv
onset (consonant/consonant cluster)
Describe vC, cvC, or cvCC
coda-follows the nucleus
what is production of consonants based on?
manner of production
place of articulation
voicing
Different levels of linguistics:
What are the differences between Phonetics vs. Phonology?
Phonetics:
Phonology:
Different levels of linguistics:
What are the differences between Morphology vs. Syntax?
Morphology: Word structure
Syntax: Sentence structure
Different levels of linguistics:
What are the differences between Semantics vs. Pragmatics?
Semantics: meaning/word knowledge
Pragmatics: Practical use of language in social interations
How are vowels classified?
- tongue height (high, mid, low)
- tongue advancement
- lip rounding
- tenseness features
what are the front vowels?
- i
- ɪ
- e
- ɛ
- æ
- a
What are the back vowels?
- u
- ʊ
- o
- ɔ
- ɑ
What are the Central vowels?
- ə
- ɚ
- ʌ
- ɜ^
