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Spring '13-126 (Exam 1) > 1/28- Clinical Phonology: Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech Mechanism-PPT > Flashcards

1/28- Clinical Phonology: Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech Mechanism-PPT Flashcards

IC

1
Q

What does anatomy knowledge support?

A
  • Proper examination
  • Formation of a dx
  • Communication to
    patients & other
    professionals
  • Better understanding
    of the functioning
    brain
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2
Q

What is speech pathology?

A

Meeting of the minds and Interdisciplinary field

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3
Q

What does speech pathology involve?

A

Collaboration with:

  • Linguists,
  • engineering,
  • acoustics,
  • psychology,
  • medicine,
  • neuroscience,
  • education,
  • and others…
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4
Q

What occurs to pressure during quiet breathing?

A

equalizing pressure in & outside of lungs

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5
Q

What are our challenges?

A
  • Complexity caseloads—schools, hospital & private setting
  • Issues with co-morbidity
    • Medical
    • Neurological and physiological
    • Psychological
    • Cognitive
    • Language
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6
Q

What is co-morbidity?

A

Coexisting dx that is acquired.

I.e. stroke, TBI vs developmental

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7
Q

What behavior is speech production?

A

Voluntary

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8
Q

What are the FOUR basic systems needed for speech?

A
  • Respiration
  • Phonation
  • Resonation
  • Articulation
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9
Q

What is speech’s power mechanism?

A

Respiration

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10
Q

What is needed for respiration?

A
  • air

Activating system
Quiet breathing = equalizing pressure in & outside of lungs
Speech production = less air pressure in lungs & air rushes
in to meet demands for speaking

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11
Q

What happens to pressure during speech production?

A

less air pressure in lungs & air rushes

in to meet demands for speaking

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12
Q

What does phonation involve?

A

Vocal fold movements and vocal characterization

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13
Q

What influenced voice characteristics?

A

Movement of the vocal folds

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14
Q

What is pitch?

A

The rate of vocal fold movement

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15
Q

What is intensity?

A

Loudness and the amount of energy generated by the vocal folds

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16
Q

What are the three aspects of voice characteristics?

A
  • Pitch
  • intensity
  • phonatory quality
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17
Q

What is Phonatory quality?

A

how well vocal folds work together during the vibratory cycle

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18
Q

Where is the resonating vocal tract?

A

From the vocal folds all the way out of the mouth

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19
Q

What is resonance?

A

Fundamental frequency generated at the vocal folds reverberates in the vocal tract

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20
Q

What are the resonating structures of the vocal track?

A

Pharyngeal
Oral
Nasal

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21
Q

What changes voice quality?

A

Changes in resonating structures

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22
Q

See slide 10…question

A

.

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23
Q

What is the most common cause for a resonance disorder?

A

Cleft pallet

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24
Q

What doesn’t close with a person who has a cleft palette?

A

The velum doesn’t close the velopharyngeal port and doesnt close the nasal cavity completely so food goes up and out the nose.

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25
Q

What molds the airstream to make it a recognizable speech sound?

A

articulators

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26
Q

What articulators are moveable?

A
  • tongue
  • lips
  • soft palate
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27
Q

What articulators are immoveable?

A
  • teeth
  • jaw
  • alveolar ridge
28
Q

What oral structure is the most vital moveable structure?

A

Tongue

29
Q

What oral structure is the most important for articulation and resonance?

A

Jaw

30
Q

What oral structure has several muscles connecting with the face and a variety of movements * builds intraoral pressure

A

Lips

31
Q

What oral structure separates the oral from nasal cavity

A

Hard palate

32
Q

What oral structure has several muscles that act in synchrony for superior/posterior movement to achieve velopharyngeal closure?

A

soft palate

33
Q

What oral structure has a cosmetic purpose?

A

teeth

34
Q

Which articulators co-articulate for various sounds?

A

Lips & tongue

35
Q

What types of structural abnormalities are there?

A
  • Obligatory

- Compensatory

36
Q

What is obligatory errors?

A

articulatory function “normal” with abnormal structure

37
Q

What are the structural descriptions for obligatory errors?

A

oronasal fistula or velopharyngeal insufficiency

38
Q

What are the common symptoms for obligatory errors?

A
  • nasal air emission
  • hypernasality
  • nasal regurgitation of food
39
Q

What is the treatment for obligatory errors?

A

surgical

40
Q

What is compensatory errors?

A

Articulatory function “changed” in response to normal or abnormal structure

41
Q

What are the structural descriptions for compensatory errors?

A
  • malocclusion

- high palatal arch

42
Q

What are the common symptoms for compensatory errors?

A

phonatory mislearning /n/ for /k/

43
Q

What is the treatment for compensatory errors?

A

speech therapy

44
Q

What is foundational for speech and language development?

A

hearing

45
Q

What is needed to monitor and regulate our own speech?

A

hearing

46
Q

What part of the ear collects sound waves?

A

outer ear

47
Q

What part of the ear converts sound energy into mechanical energy and transmits sound energy to auditory ossicles

A

Middle ear

48
Q

What part of the ear takes mechanical vibrations and transforms them into electrical energy?

A

inner ear

49
Q

what is the neural system?

A
  • a protective mechanism which is an acoustic reflex that reduces vibrations by tensing the eardrum from very loud sounds
50
Q

Which nerve is associated with the neural system & what is its purpose?

A

the 8th cranial nerve (auditory or vestibular cochlear) which carries sensory info from cochlea to the brain

51
Q

Where is the eustachian tub (ET)?

A

originates at the rear of the nose & ends in the middle ear

52
Q

What is the primary function of the ET?

A

ventilate the middle ear to maintain equal pressure

53
Q

What is the secondary function of the ET?

A

drain secretions & debris from middle ear space

54
Q

What constitutes a healthy ET?

A

when it is closed to protect the middle ear

55
Q

what constitutes an unhealthy ET?

A
  • open or blocked
  • pain or sensation of “ear fullness”
  • sounds perceived as “muffled”
  • creates negative pressure & fluid drawn into middle ear
  • at risk for chronic ear infections
56
Q

What are the 5 subdivided parts of the brain & spinal cord?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Basal ganglia
  • Thalamus
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
57
Q

What part of the brain is the largest and most vital for voluntary movement & speech production?

A

cerebral cortex

58
Q

What is speech & language processed for 95% of the population?

A

left hemisphere

59
Q

where does prosody & certain aspects of social communication occur?

A

right hemisphere

60
Q

What is connecting fibers? (I’m not sure I completely understand from slide 17 on)

A

inter- & intra- hemispheric transfer of nerve cells

61
Q

What does an intact integrated function allow us to do?

A

read, write, walk, dance, & talk

62
Q

what do we know about Integrated CNS for speech?

A
  • voluntary act
  • requires neuromuscular control
  • intact auditory system
  • interconnectivity
63
Q

What does interconnectivity allow us to do?

A
  • process: perceive * comprehend
  • organize: store & retrieve
  • initiate: activate & execute
  • regulate: excite & inhibit
  • coordinate: sequence
  • synthesize: plan & execute
64
Q

What happens when we have a compromised CNS & speech production?

A
  • communication between nerce cells is disrupted

- comprehensive evaluation of speech structures and speech production is conducted

65
Q

What is evaluated when the CNS is compromised and there is a speech production issue?

A
  • structure: size & symmetry
  • muscle tone: flaccid vs. spastic
  • movement: range of mobility
  • control: coordination & speech of movement
66
Q

What is evaluated when the CNS is compromised and there is a speech production issue?

A
  • articulation/co-articulation
  • voluntary movement
  • vocal quality

Spring '13-126 (Exam 1) (7 decks)

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