1/28- Clinical Phonology: Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech Mechanism-PPT Flashcards
IC
What does anatomy knowledge support?
- Proper examination
- Formation of a dx
- Communication to
patients & other
professionals - Better understanding
of the functioning
brain
What is speech pathology?
Meeting of the minds and Interdisciplinary field
What does speech pathology involve?
Collaboration with:
- Linguists,
- engineering,
- acoustics,
- psychology,
- medicine,
- neuroscience,
- education,
- and others…
What occurs to pressure during quiet breathing?
equalizing pressure in & outside of lungs
What are our challenges?
- Complexity caseloads—schools, hospital & private setting
- Issues with co-morbidity
- Medical
- Neurological and physiological
- Psychological
- Cognitive
- Language
What is co-morbidity?
Coexisting dx that is acquired.
I.e. stroke, TBI vs developmental
What behavior is speech production?
Voluntary
What are the FOUR basic systems needed for speech?
- Respiration
- Phonation
- Resonation
- Articulation
What is speech’s power mechanism?
Respiration
What is needed for respiration?
- air
Activating system
Quiet breathing = equalizing pressure in & outside of lungs
Speech production = less air pressure in lungs & air rushes
in to meet demands for speaking
What happens to pressure during speech production?
less air pressure in lungs & air rushes
in to meet demands for speaking
What does phonation involve?
Vocal fold movements and vocal characterization
What influenced voice characteristics?
Movement of the vocal folds
What is pitch?
The rate of vocal fold movement
What is intensity?
Loudness and the amount of energy generated by the vocal folds
What are the three aspects of voice characteristics?
- Pitch
- intensity
- phonatory quality
What is Phonatory quality?
how well vocal folds work together during the vibratory cycle
Where is the resonating vocal tract?
From the vocal folds all the way out of the mouth
What is resonance?
Fundamental frequency generated at the vocal folds reverberates in the vocal tract
What are the resonating structures of the vocal track?
Pharyngeal
Oral
Nasal
What changes voice quality?
Changes in resonating structures
See slide 10…question
.
What is the most common cause for a resonance disorder?
Cleft pallet
What doesn’t close with a person who has a cleft palette?
The velum doesn’t close the velopharyngeal port and doesnt close the nasal cavity completely so food goes up and out the nose.
What molds the airstream to make it a recognizable speech sound?
articulators
What articulators are moveable?
- tongue
- lips
- soft palate
What articulators are immoveable?
- teeth
- jaw
- alveolar ridge
What oral structure is the most vital moveable structure?
Tongue
What oral structure is the most important for articulation and resonance?
Jaw
What oral structure has several muscles connecting with the face and a variety of movements * builds intraoral pressure
Lips
What oral structure separates the oral from nasal cavity
Hard palate
What oral structure has several muscles that act in synchrony for superior/posterior movement to achieve velopharyngeal closure?
soft palate
What oral structure has a cosmetic purpose?
teeth
Which articulators co-articulate for various sounds?
Lips & tongue
What types of structural abnormalities are there?
- Obligatory
- Compensatory
What is obligatory errors?
articulatory function “normal” with abnormal structure
What are the structural descriptions for obligatory errors?
oronasal fistula or velopharyngeal insufficiency
What are the common symptoms for obligatory errors?
- nasal air emission
- hypernasality
- nasal regurgitation of food
What is the treatment for obligatory errors?
surgical
What is compensatory errors?
Articulatory function “changed” in response to normal or abnormal structure
What are the structural descriptions for compensatory errors?
- malocclusion
- high palatal arch
What are the common symptoms for compensatory errors?
phonatory mislearning /n/ for /k/
What is the treatment for compensatory errors?
speech therapy
What is foundational for speech and language development?
hearing
What is needed to monitor and regulate our own speech?
hearing
What part of the ear collects sound waves?
outer ear
What part of the ear converts sound energy into mechanical energy and transmits sound energy to auditory ossicles
Middle ear
What part of the ear takes mechanical vibrations and transforms them into electrical energy?
inner ear
what is the neural system?
- a protective mechanism which is an acoustic reflex that reduces vibrations by tensing the eardrum from very loud sounds
Which nerve is associated with the neural system & what is its purpose?
the 8th cranial nerve (auditory or vestibular cochlear) which carries sensory info from cochlea to the brain
Where is the eustachian tub (ET)?
originates at the rear of the nose & ends in the middle ear
What is the primary function of the ET?
ventilate the middle ear to maintain equal pressure
What is the secondary function of the ET?
drain secretions & debris from middle ear space
What constitutes a healthy ET?
when it is closed to protect the middle ear
what constitutes an unhealthy ET?
- open or blocked
- pain or sensation of “ear fullness”
- sounds perceived as “muffled”
- creates negative pressure & fluid drawn into middle ear
- at risk for chronic ear infections
What are the 5 subdivided parts of the brain & spinal cord?
- Cerebrum
- Basal ganglia
- Thalamus
- Cerebellum
- Brain stem
What part of the brain is the largest and most vital for voluntary movement & speech production?
cerebral cortex
What is speech & language processed for 95% of the population?
left hemisphere
where does prosody & certain aspects of social communication occur?
right hemisphere
What is connecting fibers? (I’m not sure I completely understand from slide 17 on)
inter- & intra- hemispheric transfer of nerve cells
What does an intact integrated function allow us to do?
read, write, walk, dance, & talk
what do we know about Integrated CNS for speech?
- voluntary act
- requires neuromuscular control
- intact auditory system
- interconnectivity
What does interconnectivity allow us to do?
- process: perceive * comprehend
- organize: store & retrieve
- initiate: activate & execute
- regulate: excite & inhibit
- coordinate: sequence
- synthesize: plan & execute
What happens when we have a compromised CNS & speech production?
- communication between nerce cells is disrupted
- comprehensive evaluation of speech structures and speech production is conducted
What is evaluated when the CNS is compromised and there is a speech production issue?
- structure: size & symmetry
- muscle tone: flaccid vs. spastic
- movement: range of mobility
- control: coordination & speech of movement
What is evaluated when the CNS is compromised and there is a speech production issue?
- articulation/co-articulation
- voluntary movement
- vocal quality
