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Spring '13-126 (Exam 1) > 2/4-Phonological Vs. Articulation > Flashcards

2/4-Phonological Vs. Articulation Flashcards

1
Q

Define Phonological Processes

A

Typical simplifications of adult production of sounds

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2
Q

what are the types of phonological processes?

A
  • substitution process
  • syllable structure process
  • assimilation process
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3
Q

What is the substitution process?

A

you substitute one sound for the other

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4
Q

what is the syllable-structure process?

A

changes within the syllable structure of words

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5
Q

what is the assimilation process?

A

modification to how a sound is produced given its’ phonetic process (ie: “gog” vs. “dog)

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6
Q

why is it important to analyze syllable structures?

A

because we speak in syllables

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7
Q

What process is the result of coarticulation?

A

the assimilation process

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8
Q

what is coarticulation?

A

modification of sound production given what sounds precede or follow it

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9
Q

what forms of transcription would you use for atypical substitutions?

A

narrow transcription

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10
Q

are phonological processes normal?

A

yes they are, but at some point in a child’s development these simplifications should disappear

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11
Q

what is a phonological disorder?

A
  • a phonological disorder affects a class of sounds (ie: bilabials, alveolars, velars)
  • affects meaning
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12
Q

what is an articulation disorder?

A
  • a speech sound disorder that involves a sound error (ie: wowwipop vs lollipop)
  • it does not affect meaning!
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13
Q

Name the phonological process. - /p^m/ for “plum”

A

cluster reduction

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14
Q

Name the phonological process. - /tæp/ for “cap”

A

fronting

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15
Q

Name the phonological process-/bækjum/ for “vacuum”

A

stopping

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16
Q

Name the phonological process-/kɔt/ for “dot”

A

backing

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17
Q

Name the phonological process-/^d/ for “mud”

A

initial consonant deletion

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18
Q

Name the phonological process-/sɔp/ for “shop”

A

substitution

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19
Q

Name the phonological process-/wɪŋ/ for “ring”

A

gliding

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20
Q

Name the phonological process-/t^m/ for “thumb”

A

stopping

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21
Q

Name the phonological process-/hɛp/ for “help”

A

cluster reduction

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22
Q

Name the phonological process-/bɑ/ for “ball”

A

final consonant deletion

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23
Q

What is phonetics?

A
  • it helps us understand WHAT type of speech sounds are there
  • helps us figure out HOW sounds are formed
  • helps us figure out how can a sound be accurately characterized
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24
Q

what is phonology?

A
  • it helps us figure out what sounds within a language system differentiates meaning?
  • helps us figure out what role do stress, rhythm, and pitch play to establish different meaning
  • teaches us how sounds are combined in connected speech?
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25
Q

How is phonetics and phonology applied in speech pathology? (what does it provide and what does it allow us to do?)

A
  • it provides us an accurate description of sound production within a language system
  • it provides understanding of different sounds that distinguish meaning within a language system
  • it provides the study of speech production to identify how different people use language to communicate
  • it allows us to analyze, describe, and treat the speech
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26
Q

what are the 3 physical properties of speech sounds?

A
  1. acoustic phonetics
  2. auditory phonetics
  3. articulatory phonetics
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27
Q

what is acoustic phonetics?

A

study of speech sounds within the vocal tract and frequency based analysis of speech waves

28
Q

what is auditory phonetics?

A

the study of HOW speech sounds are perceived; distinct from other sounds within the environment

29
Q

what is articulatory phonetics?

A

study of HOW the “entire” vocal tract ——-articulates speech sounds in words & connected speech

  • this is the focus of clinicians in the SLP field
  • the categorization and classification of the PRODUCTION FEATURES of speech sounds
30
Q

what is knowledge of consonants and vowels essential for?

A

the assessment & treatment of articulation and phonological disorders

31
Q

what are dependent on anatomical and physiological prerequisites?

A

arrangement of CV syllable structures

32
Q

what consonants are stops? What is the manner of production for stops?

A
  • /p,b,t,d,k,g/
  • complete closure of vocal tract; airflow stops/ceases; buildup of intraoral pressure (behind point of closure); sudden release w/ short burst of noise
33
Q

what consonants are fricatives? and what is the manner of production for fricatives?

A
  • /s,z,f,v,θ,ʃ,ʒ/

- continuous airflow through a narrow constriction

34
Q

what are the affricates? and what is their manner of production?

A
  • /tʃ, dʒ/

- begin with a stop (closure of vocal tract), quick release through narrow constriction

35
Q

what are the nasals? and what is their manner of production?

A
  • /m,n,ŋ/

- velum lowered & velopharyngeal port is open; air vibrates in nasal cavity

36
Q

what are the glides? and what is their manner of production?

A
  • /w, j/

- move from constricted to open state

37
Q

what are the liquids? and what is their manner of production?

A

-/l, r/
-vocal tract is slightly obstructed
they are semivowels

38
Q

What does PLACE OF ARTICULATION indicate?

A

WHICH articulators are involved during production

39
Q

what is the place of articulation for bilabials and what are they?

A
  • /p,b,m/

- upper & lower lips

40
Q

what is the place of articulation for labiodentals and what are they?

A
  • /f, v/

- teeth on lips

41
Q

what is the place of articulation for interdentals and what are they?

A
  • /θ,ð/

- teeth and tongue

42
Q

what is the place of articulation for alveolars and what are they?

A
  • /t,d,n,s,z/

- tongue and the alveolar ridge

43
Q

what is the place of articulation for palatals and what are they?

A
  • /ʃ, ʒ, dʒ, tʃ/

- dorsum of tongue & hard palate

44
Q

what is the place of articulation for velars and what are they?

A
  • /k,g,ŋ/

- tongue and soft palate

45
Q

what is the place of articulation for glottals and what are they?

A
  • /h, ʡ/
  • /h/ vocal folds are open, air flow is continuous
  • /ʡ/ vocal folds abruptly come together & air stops
46
Q

what are voicing features?

A

movement of vocal folds during production of sound

47
Q

what are the unvoiced/voiceless consonants? and what is the distinction?

A
  • /p,t,k,g,s,f,ʃ,tʃ/

- absence of vocal fold vibration

48
Q

what are the voiced consonants? and what is the distinction?

A
  • /b,c,z,v,m,n,l,r,w,j,ð,ʒ,dʒ,ŋ/

- vocal fold vibration

49
Q

what is the definition of cognate pairs?

A

identical in manner of production and place of articulation but different in voicing feature

50
Q

what are the 8 cognate pairs?

A

-/p/ & /b/
-/t/ & /d/
-/k/ & /g/
-/s/ & /z/
/f/ & /v/
-/θ/ & /ð/
-/tʃ/ & /dʒ/
-/ʃ/ & /ʒ/

51
Q

Draw the vowel quad!

A

–

52
Q

what does phonetic adaptations or assimilation refer to?

A

changes within the vocal tract as a result of the production of sounds that precede or follow it
-ex: /t/ in “teen” vs /t/ in tomb

53
Q

what is the result of coarticulation?

A

assimilation

54
Q

what is coarticulation?

A

a subcategory of “adaptations/assimilations”

55
Q

What is articulation/speech production?

A
  • oral motor features of sound production

- accurate and precise movements and placements of articulators for the production of specific speech sounds

56
Q

what is ASHA’s definition of an articulation disorder?

A
  • problems producing age-specific speech sounds
  • sound errors: substitution, distortion, deleting, adding
  • etiology: structural, impaired motor system; hearing impairment (ie: cleft palate
  • types: functional vs. organic
  • effects on communication and intelligibility
57
Q

what is speech sound accuracy?

A

speech motor & physical properties of sound

58
Q

what is intelligibility?

A

functional common denominator of verbal behavior

59
Q

what does “being intelligible” mean?

A
  • making oneself understood by others
  • knowing the correct sounds to use
  • choosing the best words to convey your thoughts and intentions
  • use of appropriate rate of speech & prosodic features
  • staying on topic
60
Q

what cannot be achieved through an articulation test alone?

A

intelligibility assessment and ratings

61
Q

what is the most socially valid context for assessing speech intelligibility?

A

-connected and/or conversational speech

62
Q

what is the minimum amount of utterances required to obtain a reasonable speech sample for intelligibility assessment?

A

50-100 utterances

63
Q

what is a major concern for individuals with speech impairments?

A

reduced intelligibility

64
Q

what are the subjectivity based norms to familiar listeners?

A
  • by 18 months-25% intelligible
  • by 24 months-50-75% intelligible
  • by 36 months- 75-100% intelligible
65
Q

what is the 4 point clinical judgment and severe rating scale?

A

-mild- <50%

Spring '13-126 (Exam 1) (7 decks)

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