2/4-Phonological Vs. Articulation Flashcards
Define Phonological Processes
Typical simplifications of adult production of sounds
what are the types of phonological processes?
- substitution process
- syllable structure process
- assimilation process
What is the substitution process?
you substitute one sound for the other
what is the syllable-structure process?
changes within the syllable structure of words
what is the assimilation process?
modification to how a sound is produced given its’ phonetic process (ie: “gog” vs. “dog)
why is it important to analyze syllable structures?
because we speak in syllables
What process is the result of coarticulation?
the assimilation process
what is coarticulation?
modification of sound production given what sounds precede or follow it
what forms of transcription would you use for atypical substitutions?
narrow transcription
are phonological processes normal?
yes they are, but at some point in a child’s development these simplifications should disappear
what is a phonological disorder?
- a phonological disorder affects a class of sounds (ie: bilabials, alveolars, velars)
- affects meaning
what is an articulation disorder?
- a speech sound disorder that involves a sound error (ie: wowwipop vs lollipop)
- it does not affect meaning!
Name the phonological process. - /p^m/ for “plum”
cluster reduction
Name the phonological process. - /tæp/ for “cap”
fronting
Name the phonological process-/bækjum/ for “vacuum”
stopping
Name the phonological process-/kɔt/ for “dot”
backing
Name the phonological process-/^d/ for “mud”
initial consonant deletion
Name the phonological process-/sɔp/ for “shop”
substitution
Name the phonological process-/wɪŋ/ for “ring”
gliding
Name the phonological process-/t^m/ for “thumb”
stopping
Name the phonological process-/hɛp/ for “help”
cluster reduction
Name the phonological process-/bɑ/ for “ball”
final consonant deletion
What is phonetics?
- it helps us understand WHAT type of speech sounds are there
- helps us figure out HOW sounds are formed
- helps us figure out how can a sound be accurately characterized
what is phonology?
- it helps us figure out what sounds within a language system differentiates meaning?
- helps us figure out what role do stress, rhythm, and pitch play to establish different meaning
- teaches us how sounds are combined in connected speech?
How is phonetics and phonology applied in speech pathology? (what does it provide and what does it allow us to do?)
- it provides us an accurate description of sound production within a language system
- it provides understanding of different sounds that distinguish meaning within a language system
- it provides the study of speech production to identify how different people use language to communicate
- it allows us to analyze, describe, and treat the speech
what are the 3 physical properties of speech sounds?
- acoustic phonetics
- auditory phonetics
- articulatory phonetics
what is acoustic phonetics?
study of speech sounds within the vocal tract and frequency based analysis of speech waves
what is auditory phonetics?
the study of HOW speech sounds are perceived; distinct from other sounds within the environment
what is articulatory phonetics?
study of HOW the “entire” vocal tract ——-articulates speech sounds in words & connected speech
- this is the focus of clinicians in the SLP field
- the categorization and classification of the PRODUCTION FEATURES of speech sounds
what is knowledge of consonants and vowels essential for?
the assessment & treatment of articulation and phonological disorders
what are dependent on anatomical and physiological prerequisites?
arrangement of CV syllable structures
what consonants are stops? What is the manner of production for stops?
- /p,b,t,d,k,g/
- complete closure of vocal tract; airflow stops/ceases; buildup of intraoral pressure (behind point of closure); sudden release w/ short burst of noise
what consonants are fricatives? and what is the manner of production for fricatives?
- /s,z,f,v,θ,ʃ,ʒ/
- continuous airflow through a narrow constriction
what are the affricates? and what is their manner of production?
- /tʃ, dʒ/
- begin with a stop (closure of vocal tract), quick release through narrow constriction
what are the nasals? and what is their manner of production?
- /m,n,ŋ/
- velum lowered & velopharyngeal port is open; air vibrates in nasal cavity
what are the glides? and what is their manner of production?
- /w, j/
- move from constricted to open state
what are the liquids? and what is their manner of production?
-/l, r/
-vocal tract is slightly obstructed
they are semivowels
What does PLACE OF ARTICULATION indicate?
WHICH articulators are involved during production
what is the place of articulation for bilabials and what are they?
- /p,b,m/
- upper & lower lips
what is the place of articulation for labiodentals and what are they?
- /f, v/
- teeth on lips
what is the place of articulation for interdentals and what are they?
- /θ,ð/
- teeth and tongue
what is the place of articulation for alveolars and what are they?
- /t,d,n,s,z/
- tongue and the alveolar ridge
what is the place of articulation for palatals and what are they?
- /ʃ, ʒ, dʒ, tʃ/
- dorsum of tongue & hard palate
what is the place of articulation for velars and what are they?
- /k,g,ŋ/
- tongue and soft palate
what is the place of articulation for glottals and what are they?
- /h, ʡ/
- /h/ vocal folds are open, air flow is continuous
- /ʡ/ vocal folds abruptly come together & air stops
what are voicing features?
movement of vocal folds during production of sound
what are the unvoiced/voiceless consonants? and what is the distinction?
- /p,t,k,g,s,f,ʃ,tʃ/
- absence of vocal fold vibration
what are the voiced consonants? and what is the distinction?
- /b,c,z,v,m,n,l,r,w,j,ð,ʒ,dʒ,ŋ/
- vocal fold vibration
what is the definition of cognate pairs?
identical in manner of production and place of articulation but different in voicing feature
what are the 8 cognate pairs?
-/p/ & /b/
-/t/ & /d/
-/k/ & /g/
-/s/ & /z/
/f/ & /v/
-/θ/ & /ð/
-/tʃ/ & /dʒ/
-/ʃ/ & /ʒ/
Draw the vowel quad!
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what does phonetic adaptations or assimilation refer to?
changes within the vocal tract as a result of the production of sounds that precede or follow it
-ex: /t/ in “teen” vs /t/ in tomb
what is the result of coarticulation?
assimilation
what is coarticulation?
a subcategory of “adaptations/assimilations”
What is articulation/speech production?
- oral motor features of sound production
- accurate and precise movements and placements of articulators for the production of specific speech sounds
what is ASHA’s definition of an articulation disorder?
- problems producing age-specific speech sounds
- sound errors: substitution, distortion, deleting, adding
- etiology: structural, impaired motor system; hearing impairment (ie: cleft palate
- types: functional vs. organic
- effects on communication and intelligibility
what is speech sound accuracy?
speech motor & physical properties of sound
what is intelligibility?
functional common denominator of verbal behavior
what does “being intelligible” mean?
- making oneself understood by others
- knowing the correct sounds to use
- choosing the best words to convey your thoughts and intentions
- use of appropriate rate of speech & prosodic features
- staying on topic
what cannot be achieved through an articulation test alone?
intelligibility assessment and ratings
what is the most socially valid context for assessing speech intelligibility?
-connected and/or conversational speech
what is the minimum amount of utterances required to obtain a reasonable speech sample for intelligibility assessment?
50-100 utterances
what is a major concern for individuals with speech impairments?
reduced intelligibility
what are the subjectivity based norms to familiar listeners?
- by 18 months-25% intelligible
- by 24 months-50-75% intelligible
- by 36 months- 75-100% intelligible
what is the 4 point clinical judgment and severe rating scale?
-mild- <50%
