2/6-Early Articulation & Phonological Development

Question 1

when do children master a language and why does it take so long?

Answer 1

• at age 8

- because infants learning to produce sounds within their native language is a complex process

Question 2

how does phonological and articulation development occur?

Answer 2

from exposure to sensory and motor learning experiences

Question 3

what are sensory experiences and learning followed by?

Answer 3

motor practice

Question 4

what is critical for speech sound development?

Answer 4

hearing

Question 5

what two centers of the brain interact closely for speech sounds to develop?

Answer 5

the motor & auditory centers

Question 6

what does the feedback theoretical model to speech production say?

Answer 6

-there is a strong dependency on hearing the adults they imitate as well as hearing themselves

Question 7

How do children simplify adult words?

Answer 7

auditory patterns are perceived and stored and they guide the infant’s a series of motor approximations until an exact representation is achieved

Question 8

Although there are critical/sensitive periods for learning sounds…

Answer 8

infants do not learn communication signals @ the same rate throughout development phases

Question 9

what does research that compared human speech & bird song show?

Answer 9

birds don’t learn to sing nor do infants speak if not exposed to communicative signals from the adult

Question 10

In the case study of Genie who was raised in a small room w/ little to no human contact, what did this case do, what were some specifics, and what questions did it attempt to answer?

Answer 10

• put critical (sensitive) period theory to the test
• after discovery she underwent intensive rehabilitation
• leading question: could a child deprived of interaction and sensory stimulation develop language?
• could a nurturing environment make up for what she went through

Question 11

what is the functional outcome of the sound learning developmental approach?

Answer 11

communication competency

Question 12

what are the varying stages of the sound learning: developmental approach?

Answer 12

• prelinguistic development
• transition from babbling to meaningful speech
• development of sound system
• development of phonological patterns
• speech intelligibility

Question 13

what is the importance for studying normal development?

Answer 13

• provides guidelines for practicing professionals to differentiate between typical vs. atypical development
• provides general framework for diagnostic and treatment decisions
• monitor progression of age-expectancy skills

Question 14

what is rehabilitation therapy?

Answer 14

helping someone re-acquire a skill they once had, but has lost

Question 15

what is developmental therapy?

Answer 15

helping someone acquire a skill that they never had

Question 16

What are some specifics about the prelinguistic development stage?

Answer 16

• sound production is reflexive–it lacks a specific referent or communicative intent
• vocalizations are considered “before” true language
• research shows a positive relationship between early infant vocalizations and later development of adult-based words
• natural development of articulation and phonological skills involves perception

Question 17

what does perception involve?

Answer 17

sensory stimuli

Question 18

what does a baby do with sensory stimuli that is received?

Answer 18

selects, organizes, integrates, and interprets

Question 19

what is speech perception?

Answer 19

understanding spoken speech

Question 20

what are specifics of the speech perception & infancy stage?

Answer 20

• basic perceptual skills (infant): sound location, eye movement, head turns toward sound source
• babies have a strong preference for human speech to other noise
• Complex skill-discriminate among classes of speech sounds
• infants can be “conditioned’ to respond differently to varying stimuli-when particular response is quickly and consistently reinforced

Question 21

What are the specifics of the infancy and babbling stage according to Oller 1980? (didn’t know how to break this up and word it)

Answer 21

• advanced several specific stages marking the acquisition of articulation and phonological processing skill
• he found in this study individual diffferences (for the most part)
• combination of CV syllables begins at about 4-6 months
• form of babbling overlaps with the early period of meaningful speech
• production of syllables extends beyond 12 months even after the use of first real words
• meaningful speech marks the development of meaningful & verbal production
• verbal productions-may not necessarily match adult productions (protowords)

Question 22

what are the common sounds and syllable shapes of babbling?

Answer 22

-syllable shapes:V,CV, VCV, and CVCV make up for 94% of all syllables produced

Question 23

what are the six most prevalent vowel sounds when the infant is babbling?

Answer 23

-/ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ɑ,u,^/

Question 24

what are the 12 most prevalent consonant sounds during the babbling stages?

Answer 24

-/h,d,b,m,t,g,s,w,n,k,j/

Question 25

What are the 5 stages of in the first 12 months of a baby’s linguistic development? (IDK the overall name of these) and what are the month ranges?

Answer 25

1. Phonation Stage: birth-1month
2. Coo & Goo Stage: 2-3 months
3. exploration/expansion stage:4-6months
4. canonical babbling stage:7-9 months
5. variegated babbling stage: 10-12 months

Question 26

What are the characteristics of the phonation stage?

Answer 26

• birth to 1 month
• they don’t initiate much, they are responding to stimuli
• reflexive vocalizations with few speechlike sounds
• vocalizations resembling vowels
• limited oral resonance

Question 27

What are the characteristics of the coo & goo stage?

Answer 27

-2-3 months
-productions of primitive syllable sequences
(we are starting to expect children to try to start to imitate @ this stage)
-sounds acoustically similar to back vowels and CV & VC syllables
-irregular timing in the opening and closing of CV segments (compared to adult forms)

Question 28

what are the characteristics of the exploration/expansion stage?

Answer 28

• 4-6 months
• increasing control of laryngeal and articulatory mechanism
• period of vocal play-squeal, growls, yells, raspberries
• vowel productions-better oral resonance sounding more adult-like
• consonant productions-better constriction (consonant like)
• productions-CV & VC syllable sequences (marginal babbling)
• timing for opening & closing still difficult

Question 29

What are the characteristics of the canonical babbling stage?

Answer 29

• 7-9 months
• CV syllables-continue and more adult like in timing for opening and closure
• longer CV syllable strings-reduplicated syllable (mama, dada) starting to represent “real words)
• phonetic repertoire-still limited but may contain stops, nasals, glides, and lax vowels (ɛ,ɪ,^)
• production of alveolar sounds emerge

Question 30

What are the characteristics of the variegated babbling stage?

Answer 30

• 10-12 months
• CV syllable sequence continue & become more differentiated (madaga, tikada)
• C and V repertoire increases
• Variegated syllable sequences-connected CV string resembling real statements, questions, & exclamations
• quality of intonation patterns-more adult-like
• Jargon-variegated syllables w/ modulated babbling

Question 31

According to Locke, how much do infants babble?

Answer 31

a fairly small set of sounds

Question 32

how is babbling itself an important milestone?

Answer 32

its important because it leads to later articulation and phonological skills

Question 33

What is Jargon?

Answer 33

it sounds more conversation-like

Question 34

What is a “true” word?

Answer 34

• stable phonetic form similar to adult form
• produced consistently by the child within a particular context
• closed syllables are less common
• sound production-stops, nasals, glides are more common
• fricatives are less common

Question 35

what are some characteristics of the development of the sound system?

Answer 35

-progression is NOT LINEAR
-phonetic & linguistic inventory increases dramatically
-production of variegated babbling, jargon, & protowords becomes extinguished
-production is even more adult-like and of TRUE WORDS increase daily
(progressed from early vocalizations-cooing and babbling to use of protowords to meaningful productions)