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Biol 204 Lab > study for lab midterm > Flashcards

study for lab midterm Flashcards

1
Q

petro. vertebrae

A

no centrum, tiny cartilagenous neural arch and spine on dorsal of notochord

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1
Q

myxinoidea vertebrae

A

none

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2
Q

chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii vertebrae

A

hole in center, notochord squeezes through and forms cushioning pad on either end

*** some actinopterygii lost centrum

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3
Q

tetrapod vertebrae

A

solid, articular ends capped with cusioning pads

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4
Q

cushioning pads in mammals

A

intervertebral discs - center from notochord

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5
Q

cushioning pad in sauropsids

A

intervertebral bodies, no noto (lost)

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6
Q

what taxa have large prominent notochords

A

myxinoidea, petromyzontida, holocephali, sarcopterygii

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7
Q

what taxa have zygapophyses

A

tetrapods

NOT fish (so chondrichthyes, sarcopterygii, actinopterygii)

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8
Q

general zygaphophyses

A

locking devices to prevent torsion

PRE SUPPORTS POST

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9
Q

how does rib articulation occur in tetrapods

A

two headed ribs articulate with diapophyses and parapophyses, which are smooth lateral surfaces on the transverse processes

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10
Q

sternum general

A

endochondral bone, att point for chest muscles and sometimes attach to ribs forming the rib cage

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11
Q

sternum in fish

A

no

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12
Q

sternum in amphibians

A

attached to pectoral girdle

cartilage in salamanders

cartilage and bone in frogs

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13
Q

sternum in lepidosauria, crocodillia

A

cartilagenous, attached to ribs

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14
Q

sternum in turtles

A

NONE replaced by plastron

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15
Q

sternum in aves

A

large with many ribs articulating, central keel for attachment of flight muscles

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16
Q

centrum slightly curved on all sides, hollow with notochord passing through

A

amphicoelous

chondrichthyes, actinopterygii

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17
Q

anterior of centrum curved out, posterior concave, solid centrum, intervertebral bodies

A

opisthocoelous

sauropsids

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18
Q

anterior of centrum concave, posterior curved out, intervertebral body

A

procoelous

sauropsids

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19
Q

all surfaces of centrum are flat, solid centrum, intervertebral disc

A

acoelous

mammalia

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20
Q

all surfaces concave (curved in), intervertebral bodies

A

heterocoelous

sauropsids

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21
Q

vertebral regions in actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, chondrichthyes

A

trunk (ribs (except chondrich), neural arch, neural spine)

caudal (neural/hemal arch/spine)

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22
Q

vertebral regions in sauropsids

A

cervical
thoracic (where ribs are att)
lumbar
sacral
caudal

often modified

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23
Q

vertebrae modifications in aves

A

sacral, lumbar, 1 thoracic, several caudal fused into synsacrum, fused w/ pelvic girdle

post posterior caudal fuse into pogostyle

ribs have uncinate processes projecting posteriorly to next rib

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24
Q

uncinate processes

A

posterior projections on aves ribs

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25
Q

vertebral regions in mammals

A

cervical (inc atlas and axis, all have transverse foramina to protect arteries taking blood to the head)

thoracic (ribs) with diapophyses and parapophyses flat concave survaces on transverse processes to articulate with ribs

lumbar

sacral

caudal

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26
Q

atlas vs axis

A

atlas: 1st cervical vertebrae, allows head to nod

axis: second, odontoid process articlates with atles, allows head to turn side to side

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27
Q

vertebral regions in amphibians

A

cervical - fused in tailless amph, salamanders have only 1, atlas

trunk - no ribs just long transverse processes

sacral

caudal

28
Q

tetrapod forelimb bones

A

humerus

radius (anterior) ulna (posterior)

carpals

metacarpals

phalanges

29
Q

tetrapod hindlimb bones

A

femus

fibula (thin), tibia (thick)

tarsals

metatarsals

phalanges

30
Q

3 possible food postures

A

plantigrade - tars, meta, phal on ground (ex humans)

digitigrade - phalanges on ground (ex cat)

unguligrade - barely any or no phalanges on the ground (ex horse)

**ungul have longer stride length, but others absorb shock better
**metatarsals longest in unguligrade, next digitigrade

31
Q

pelvic girdle in chondrichthyes

A

single element separate from vertebral column (embedded in body wall)

32
Q

pelvic girdle in tetrapoda

A
  1. ilium (lateral wing)
  2. ischium (dorsal)
  3. pubis (ventral)

1,2,3 fuse at the acetabulum

most often fused to sacral region of vertebral column to form the pubis

two separate pubic bones articulate at PUBIC SYMPHOSIS except in aves, fused into INNOMINATE BONE

33
Q

changes in attachment of pectoral girdle to the skull

A

becomes attached in teleostomi

detached in tetrapoda

34
Q

components of the pectoral girdle in chondrichthyes

A
  1. coracoid bar
  2. scapular processes
  3. suprascapular processes

all cartilagenous

35
Q

components of pectoral girdle in actinopterygii

A

DERMAL

cleithrum, supracleithrum, postcleithrum, post temporal

ENDOCHONDRAL

scapula

36
Q

components of pectoral girdle in sauropsids

A
37
Q

pectoral girdle in mammalia

A
  1. scapula: wide flat, divided by the scapular spine
            has a coracoid process, derived from 
        the coradoid bone
  2. clavicle: often greatly reduced
38
Q

general dermatocranium

A

ONLY in teleostomi (no chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii)

dermal bone encasing the chondocranium and splanchno cranium, protecting brain and gills

MADE FROM - mesodermal mesenchyme and neural crest cells

39
Q

dermatocranium germ origin

A

mesodermal mesenchyme and neural crest cells

40
Q

components of the dermatocranium (mammalia)

A

nasal, premaxilla, maxilla, lacrimal, jugal, squamosal, frontal, parietal, interparietal, dentary

41
Q

splanchnocranium function and origin

A

neural crest cells

7 pharyngeal arches supporting pharynx and gills, as well as evolutionary derivatives of arches such as the hyoid apparatus, some jaws, ear bones

42
Q

pharyngeal arch structure

A

each has 5 articulating elements on each side

43
Q

fate of the first pharyngeal arch

A

JAWS in early gnathostomes

upper - palatoquadrate

lower - meckel’s cartilage

CHONDRICHTHYES - remain as palato and meckel’s

MAMMALIA -

44
Q

6 types of jaw suspension

A

paleostyly

autostyly

metautostyle

hyostyly

modified hyostyly

craniostyly

45
Q

paleostyly

A

no jaw (agnatha)

46
Q

autostyly

A

holocephali

upper - palatoquadrate

lower - meckel’s cartilage

articulat with each other, palatoquadrate attaches directly to chondocranium

47
Q

hyostyly

A

elasmobranchii

upper - palatoquadrate

lower - meckel’s cartilage

hyomandibula of hyoid apparatus forms swinging bridge that attaches the palatoquadrate to the chondocranium

48
Q

modified hyostyly

A

actinopterygii

upper - palatoquadrate + quadrate

lower - meckel’s cartilage + articular

hyomandibula forms swinging bridge, conn. quadrate to chondo

49
Q

metautostyly

A

amphibia and sauropsida

upper - maxilla, premaxilla, quadrate

lower - dentary, angular, articular

quad art with articular, quad att to skull

no mobility, or mobility (streptostyly)

hyomandibular - columella of middle ear

50
Q

craniostyly

A

mammalia

upper maxilla and premaxilla

lower - dentary

upper is completely fused to the brain case, and the lower articulates with the squamosal bone of the brain case

quadrate - incus

articular - malleus

hyomandibula - stapes (homologous to columella of amphibians and sauropsida)

51
Q

fate of arches 3 - 7

A

in gnathostome fish + larval amphibians

support gills, act as a site for respiratory muscle attachment

in terrestrial gnathostomes - modified to for the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage which protect the larynx

52
Q

general chondocranium (germ origin, function)

A

mesodermal mesenchyme, neural crest cells

to protect the ventral, lateral, and posterior regions of the brain, as well as special sense organs

53
Q

components of the chondocranium

A

olfactory capsules - nose

optic capsules - eyes

otic capsules - ears
- inner/middle ears

MAIN BONES - occipitals (back) , sphenoids, ethmoids (thin curled bones in olfactory chamber

54
Q

differences in chondocranium between taxa

A

all vertebrates, cartilagenous in the embryo but for most ossified later EXCEPT chondrichthyes, petromyzontida, myxinoidea (all agnathans)

for most, only ventral, lateral, posterior regions of braincase protected by for chondrichthyes and some species of actinopterygii it also forms the dorsal region

in many mammals, the olfactory chamber/nasal passage is also divided in two by the mesethmoid bone

55
Q

palate (general)

A

primary palate gen sep brain from nasl and/or oral cavities

secondary generally sep nasal from oral

56
Q

palate tree!

A

chondrichthyes - only 1 (ventral reg of the brain case)

Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii - only primary!

Amphibians only Primary

** PRIMARY ONLY UNTIL AMNIOTES DIVERGE*

all amniotes have both palates, though some complete some partial

EXCEPT lepidosauria - only primary

57
Q

palate in lepidosauria

A

NO

58
Q

palate in testudinates

A

1 complete
2 partial, from the extension of the maxilla and premaxilla

59
Q

palate in crocodilia

A

both complete, 2 bony

60
Q

palate in aves

A

both complete, secondary is fleshy

61
Q

palate in mammalia

A

both complete
secondary has a bony anterior (hard palate), fleshy posterior (soft palate)

62
Q

temporal fenestrae

A

can be used to differentiate amniotes

  1. anapsid (NONE) - testudinates
  2. diapsid (INFRATEMPORAL - side, AND SUPRATEMPORAL - top) - lepidosauria and archosauria
  3. synapsid (ONLY infratemporal) - mammalia
    -could be continuous w/ orbit of the eye
    fenestrae can be completely surrounded OR modified diapsid whih means some bones secondarily lost so not completely closed off
63
Q

crests

A

saggital crest - down midline along frontal and parietal + interparietal and supraoccipital bones
*** muscular attachment point for jaw aducters

nuchal crest - transverse ridge along occipital bones
*** muscular attachment point for head support

64
Q

tooth positioning in diff taxa

A

gnathostome fish - all over the place! wherever theres somatic ectoderm

amphibians and lepidosauria- mostly jaws, sometimes palate

aves and testudinata - no teeth, keratinized beak instead

crocodilia - jaws!!!

mammalia - jaws!!

65
Q

3 modes of tooth attachmend

A
  1. acrodont - attached to surface of gums @ the jaw
    most teleosts, some elasmobramchii
  2. pleurodont - 1 side of tooth fused to inner surface of the jaw
    salamanders, frogs, lizards
  3. thecodont - anchored in a deep socket
    crocodilians, mammalians
66
Q

names for how many times teeth replaced

A

polyphyodont - replaces consistently

diphyodont - replaced once

monophyodont - never replaced

67
Q

different shaped teeth vs same shaped teeth

A

same - homodont

different - heterodont

Biol 204 Lab (18 decks)

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