study for lab midterm Flashcards
petro. vertebrae
no centrum, tiny cartilagenous neural arch and spine on dorsal of notochord
myxinoidea vertebrae
none
chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii vertebrae
hole in center, notochord squeezes through and forms cushioning pad on either end
*** some actinopterygii lost centrum
tetrapod vertebrae
solid, articular ends capped with cusioning pads
cushioning pads in mammals
intervertebral discs - center from notochord
cushioning pad in sauropsids
intervertebral bodies, no noto (lost)
what taxa have large prominent notochords
myxinoidea, petromyzontida, holocephali, sarcopterygii
what taxa have zygapophyses
tetrapods
NOT fish (so chondrichthyes, sarcopterygii, actinopterygii)
general zygaphophyses
locking devices to prevent torsion
PRE SUPPORTS POST
how does rib articulation occur in tetrapods
two headed ribs articulate with diapophyses and parapophyses, which are smooth lateral surfaces on the transverse processes
sternum general
endochondral bone, att point for chest muscles and sometimes attach to ribs forming the rib cage
sternum in fish
no
sternum in amphibians
attached to pectoral girdle
cartilage in salamanders
cartilage and bone in frogs
sternum in lepidosauria, crocodillia
cartilagenous, attached to ribs
sternum in turtles
NONE replaced by plastron
sternum in aves
large with many ribs articulating, central keel for attachment of flight muscles
centrum slightly curved on all sides, hollow with notochord passing through
amphicoelous
chondrichthyes, actinopterygii
anterior of centrum curved out, posterior concave, solid centrum, intervertebral bodies
opisthocoelous
sauropsids
anterior of centrum concave, posterior curved out, intervertebral body
procoelous
sauropsids
all surfaces of centrum are flat, solid centrum, intervertebral disc
acoelous
mammalia
all surfaces concave (curved in), intervertebral bodies
heterocoelous
sauropsids
vertebral regions in actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, chondrichthyes
trunk (ribs (except chondrich), neural arch, neural spine)
caudal (neural/hemal arch/spine)
vertebral regions in sauropsids
cervical
thoracic (where ribs are att)
lumbar
sacral
caudal
often modified
vertebrae modifications in aves
sacral, lumbar, 1 thoracic, several caudal fused into synsacrum, fused w/ pelvic girdle
post posterior caudal fuse into pogostyle
ribs have uncinate processes projecting posteriorly to next rib
uncinate processes
posterior projections on aves ribs
vertebral regions in mammals
cervical (inc atlas and axis, all have transverse foramina to protect arteries taking blood to the head)
thoracic (ribs) with diapophyses and parapophyses flat concave survaces on transverse processes to articulate with ribs
lumbar
sacral
caudal
atlas vs axis
atlas: 1st cervical vertebrae, allows head to nod
axis: second, odontoid process articlates with atles, allows head to turn side to side
vertebral regions in amphibians
cervical - fused in tailless amph, salamanders have only 1, atlas
trunk - no ribs just long transverse processes
sacral
caudal
tetrapod forelimb bones
humerus
radius (anterior) ulna (posterior)
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
tetrapod hindlimb bones
femus
fibula (thin), tibia (thick)
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
3 possible food postures
plantigrade - tars, meta, phal on ground (ex humans)
digitigrade - phalanges on ground (ex cat)
unguligrade - barely any or no phalanges on the ground (ex horse)
**ungul have longer stride length, but others absorb shock better
**metatarsals longest in unguligrade, next digitigrade
pelvic girdle in chondrichthyes
single element separate from vertebral column (embedded in body wall)
pelvic girdle in tetrapoda
- ilium (lateral wing)
- ischium (dorsal)
- pubis (ventral)
1,2,3 fuse at the acetabulum
most often fused to sacral region of vertebral column to form the pubis
two separate pubic bones articulate at PUBIC SYMPHOSIS except in aves, fused into INNOMINATE BONE
changes in attachment of pectoral girdle to the skull
becomes attached in teleostomi
detached in tetrapoda
components of the pectoral girdle in chondrichthyes
- coracoid bar
- scapular processes
- suprascapular processes
all cartilagenous
components of pectoral girdle in actinopterygii
DERMAL
cleithrum, supracleithrum, postcleithrum, post temporal
ENDOCHONDRAL
scapula
components of pectoral girdle in sauropsids
pectoral girdle in mammalia
- scapula: wide flat, divided by the scapular spine
has a coracoid process, derived from the coradoid bone - clavicle: often greatly reduced
general dermatocranium
ONLY in teleostomi (no chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii)
dermal bone encasing the chondocranium and splanchno cranium, protecting brain and gills
MADE FROM - mesodermal mesenchyme and neural crest cells
dermatocranium germ origin
mesodermal mesenchyme and neural crest cells
components of the dermatocranium (mammalia)
nasal, premaxilla, maxilla, lacrimal, jugal, squamosal, frontal, parietal, interparietal, dentary
splanchnocranium function and origin
neural crest cells
7 pharyngeal arches supporting pharynx and gills, as well as evolutionary derivatives of arches such as the hyoid apparatus, some jaws, ear bones
pharyngeal arch structure
each has 5 articulating elements on each side
fate of the first pharyngeal arch
JAWS in early gnathostomes
upper - palatoquadrate
lower - meckel’s cartilage
CHONDRICHTHYES - remain as palato and meckel’s
MAMMALIA -
6 types of jaw suspension
paleostyly
autostyly
metautostyle
hyostyly
modified hyostyly
craniostyly
paleostyly
no jaw (agnatha)
autostyly
holocephali
upper - palatoquadrate
lower - meckel’s cartilage
articulat with each other, palatoquadrate attaches directly to chondocranium
hyostyly
elasmobranchii
upper - palatoquadrate
lower - meckel’s cartilage
hyomandibula of hyoid apparatus forms swinging bridge that attaches the palatoquadrate to the chondocranium
modified hyostyly
actinopterygii
upper - palatoquadrate + quadrate
lower - meckel’s cartilage + articular
hyomandibula forms swinging bridge, conn. quadrate to chondo
metautostyly
amphibia and sauropsida
upper - maxilla, premaxilla, quadrate
lower - dentary, angular, articular
quad art with articular, quad att to skull
no mobility, or mobility (streptostyly)
hyomandibular - columella of middle ear
craniostyly
mammalia
upper maxilla and premaxilla
lower - dentary
upper is completely fused to the brain case, and the lower articulates with the squamosal bone of the brain case
quadrate - incus
articular - malleus
hyomandibula - stapes (homologous to columella of amphibians and sauropsida)
fate of arches 3 - 7
in gnathostome fish + larval amphibians
support gills, act as a site for respiratory muscle attachment
in terrestrial gnathostomes - modified to for the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage which protect the larynx
general chondocranium (germ origin, function)
mesodermal mesenchyme, neural crest cells
to protect the ventral, lateral, and posterior regions of the brain, as well as special sense organs
components of the chondocranium
olfactory capsules - nose
optic capsules - eyes
otic capsules - ears
- inner/middle ears
MAIN BONES - occipitals (back) , sphenoids, ethmoids (thin curled bones in olfactory chamber
differences in chondocranium between taxa
all vertebrates, cartilagenous in the embryo but for most ossified later EXCEPT chondrichthyes, petromyzontida, myxinoidea (all agnathans)
for most, only ventral, lateral, posterior regions of braincase protected by for chondrichthyes and some species of actinopterygii it also forms the dorsal region
in many mammals, the olfactory chamber/nasal passage is also divided in two by the mesethmoid bone
palate (general)
primary palate gen sep brain from nasl and/or oral cavities
secondary generally sep nasal from oral
palate tree!
chondrichthyes - only 1 (ventral reg of the brain case)
Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii - only primary!
Amphibians only Primary
** PRIMARY ONLY UNTIL AMNIOTES DIVERGE*
all amniotes have both palates, though some complete some partial
EXCEPT lepidosauria - only primary
palate in lepidosauria
NO
palate in testudinates
1 complete
2 partial, from the extension of the maxilla and premaxilla
palate in crocodilia
both complete, 2 bony
palate in aves
both complete, secondary is fleshy
palate in mammalia
both complete
secondary has a bony anterior (hard palate), fleshy posterior (soft palate)
temporal fenestrae
can be used to differentiate amniotes
- anapsid (NONE) - testudinates
- diapsid (INFRATEMPORAL - side, AND SUPRATEMPORAL - top) - lepidosauria and archosauria
- synapsid (ONLY infratemporal) - mammalia
-could be continuous w/ orbit of the eye
fenestrae can be completely surrounded OR modified diapsid whih means some bones secondarily lost so not completely closed off
crests
saggital crest - down midline along frontal and parietal + interparietal and supraoccipital bones
*** muscular attachment point for jaw aducters
nuchal crest - transverse ridge along occipital bones
*** muscular attachment point for head support
tooth positioning in diff taxa
gnathostome fish - all over the place! wherever theres somatic ectoderm
amphibians and lepidosauria- mostly jaws, sometimes palate
aves and testudinata - no teeth, keratinized beak instead
crocodilia - jaws!!!
mammalia - jaws!!
3 modes of tooth attachmend
- acrodont - attached to surface of gums @ the jaw
most teleosts, some elasmobramchii - pleurodont - 1 side of tooth fused to inner surface of the jaw
salamanders, frogs, lizards - thecodont - anchored in a deep socket
crocodilians, mammalians
names for how many times teeth replaced
polyphyodont - replaces consistently
diphyodont - replaced once
monophyodont - never replaced
different shaped teeth vs same shaped teeth
same - homodont
different - heterodont
