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Biol 204 Lab > general skull and post cranial > Flashcards

general skull and post cranial Flashcards

1
Q

cartilage

A

chondrocytes in lacunae within matrix of proteoglycans, protein fivers (collagen and elastin) and inorganic salts

no blood vessels or nerves

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2
Q

bone

A

osteocytes within lacunae in matrix of inorganic salts and protein (mainly collagen)

bone has blood vessels and nerves inside

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3
Q

cells in cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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4
Q

cells in bone

A

osteocytes

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5
Q

trebecular bone

A

composed of bony struts called trebeculae, appears spongy

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6
Q

compact bone

A

does not look porous with naked eye though there are many canals within

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7
Q

ossification

A

the process by which bone is formed

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8
Q

endochondral bone

A

cartilage forms first, then is ossified into bone

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9
Q

intramembranous bone

A

no cartilagenous stage - intermembranous ossification of mesenchymal cells

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10
Q

dermal bones

A

intramembranous bone formed by ossification of mesenchymal cells in the dermis of the skin

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11
Q

components of the skull N/A

A

chondocranium, splanchnocranium, dermatocranium

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12
Q

chondocranium N/A

A
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13
Q

splanchnocranium N/A

A
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14
Q

dermatocranium N/A

A
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15
Q

components of the axial skeleton

A

notochord, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

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16
Q

notochord

A

HOLLOW IN - elasmobranchii and actinopterygii for notochord to pass, pads in between

TETRAPODS - capped with intervertebral bodies made of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue

MAMMALS capped with intervertebral disks with remnants of the notochord

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17
Q

vertebral column

A
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18
Q

ribs

A

COMPOSED OF cartilage and endochondral bone from sclerotome epimere mesoderm

NO RIBS in agnatha and holocephali

GREATLY REDUCED in elasmobranchi

YES RIBS - all others

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19
Q

sternum

A
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20
Q

components of the appendicular skeleton

A

girdles (pelvic and pectoral), and paired fins or limbs

YES in extant gnathostomes unless secondarily lost

NO in agnathans

in chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii includes paired fins and their girdles

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21
Q

paired fins/limbs

A
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22
Q

pelvic girdle

A
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23
Q

pectoral girdle

A
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24
Q

emb. origin of notochord

A

mesoderm

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25
Q

emb origin of ribs

A

sclerotome epimere mesoderm

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26
Q

emb origin of the sternum

A

mesenchymal cells of the somatic hypomere mesoderm

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27
Q

somatic hypomere mesoderm is located

A

outside ofthe coelum

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28
Q

sclerotome epimere mesoderm is located where in embryo

A

in somites, so to sides of the nerual tube/notochord

29
Q

cartilage and endochondral components of the appendicular skeleton are from

A

somatic hypomere mesoderm

30
Q

3 main functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. protects delicate tissues
  2. provides an attachment point for muscles, acting as levers
  3. provides structural support, supporting body weight or shape
31
Q

parts of vertebrae

A

transverse processes, neural spine, neural arch, pre and post zygapophyses, centrum, hemal arch, hemal spine

*** not all in all vertebrae or all taxa!!

32
Q

neural spine

A
33
Q

neural arch

A
34
Q

hemal spine

A
35
Q

hemal arch

A
36
Q

transverse processes

A
37
Q

post-cranial axial skeleton in agnatha (jawless vertebrates)

A

inc. myxinoidea and petromyzontida (hagfish and lamprays)

large notochord providing structural support

MYXINOIDEA - secondary loss of vertebrae

PETROMYZONTIDA - cartilagenous vertebrae with small neural arches on the dorsal surface of the notochord

38
Q

post - cranial axial skeleton in chondrichthyes

A

inc. holocephali and elasmobranchii (dogfish and sharks)

cartilagenous vertebrae

HOLOCEPHALI - no centra, notochord for axial structural support with neural arches and hemal arches resting on notochord

ELASMOBRANCHII - YES centrum on each vertebrae! notochord through middle of centrum, in all spinal chord through neural arch in all, and dorsal aorta through hemal arch and spine in caudal vertebra
- TRUNK AND CAUDAL VERTEBRAE

39
Q

post - cranial axial skeleton in actinopterygii

A

ray finned fish

ossified endochondral bone from somatic hypomere mesoderm

centra providing major structural body support, with notochord through middle.
very tall and pointy neural spine and noral arch with spinal cord through
ribs attached

40
Q

post cranial axial skeleton in sarcopterygii

A

fleshy finned fish

ossified endochondral bone from somatic hypomere mesoderm

centra reduce or secondarily lost, with neural arches and hemal arches resting on the notochord

41
Q

post cranial axial skeleton in tetrapods

A

solid centra WITHOUT notochord!

ossified endochondral bone from somatic hypomere mesoderm

centrum with neural spine and neural arch with spinal chord going through

to the sides, transverse processes and diapophyses and parapophyses, articulate with the ribs

42
Q

diapophyses

A
43
Q

parapophyses

A
44
Q

in mammals, what do intervertebral discs contain

A

remnants of the notochord

45
Q

regionalization of the vertebral column in elasmobranchii, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii

A

TRUNK and CAUDAL

46
Q

caudal vs trunk region in elasmo, actin, sarcopt

A

CAUDAL - hemal arch and spine with dorsal aorta though
more pointy neural spine

TRUNK - NO hemal arch and spine, instead articulate with ribs, and less pointy neural spine

47
Q

attachment of the pectoral girdle in actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, chondrichthyes

A

actinopt and sarcopt - ATT TO DORSAL POSTERIOR REGION OF THE SKULL

chondrich - embedded in muscle walls

48
Q

attachment of the pelvic girdle in chondrich, actinopterygii, sarcoterygii

A

USUALLY embedded in the muscles of the body wall

49
Q

paired fins in chondrichthyes

A

proximal regions supported by thick skeletal elements (pterygiophores)

*** basal pterygiophores long out along fins, radial pterygiophores along base of fin rays

distal regions supported by fin rays made of keratin

provide stability by preventing pitch roll and yaw AND help with steering

AND in male and intersex claspers of pelvic fins are intromittent organs, sperm transfer

50
Q

paired fins in actinopterygii

A

RAY FINS - thin skin and connective tissue supported by fin rays of bone or cartilage

stabilization, steering, keeping place in water and stopping, propulsion

51
Q

paired fins in sarcopterygii

A

FLESHY FINS - series of bones that articulate with mobile joints, supportive muscles extend into the fins

distal ends generally still have fin rays supported by skin and connective tissue

swimming, pivoting, maneuvering through vegetation, walking on bottom surface, holding position

52
Q

major role of skeleton that differs in terrestrial vs aquatic

A

support of body weight

53
Q

structural differences between terrestrial vertebrates (most tetrapods) and ancestors

A
  1. GIRDLES - larger, more ossified to withstand compressive forces of body weight
  2. FIN RAYS - replaced with digits, more sturdy, flexible, good for grip and balance
  3. PEC GIRDLE no longer attached to skull, and differentiation of cervical region of the vertebral column. good for headmobility, freedom of movement for appendages
  4. PELVIC GIRDLE fused to sacral region of the vertebral column - reinforces and strengthens both structures, and propulsion by hind limbs efficiently transferred
54
Q

home many cervical vertebrae to amphibians

A

only one (versus two or more in amniotes)

55
Q

regions of the vertebral column in tetrapods

A

cervical

trunk (differentiated into thoracic then lumbar in some)

sacral

caudal

56
Q

differentiating parts of the vertebral column in tetrapods

A

sacral vertebrae fused together to form sacrum in some

trunk bears ribs

thoracic bears ribs, lumbar does not

57
Q

vertebral column adaptations in birds

A

in aves, sacral lumbar, several thoracic and caudal fuse into SYNSACRUM which fuses with pelvic girdle

strong and stable for flight, light in weight bc less connective tissue but still strength

58
Q

regionalization of the cervical vertibrae

A

in TETRAPODS:

1st - ATLAS - no centrum, just neural canal, transverse foramen (little holes in processes on sides) ALLOWS NODS

2nd - AXIS - ODONTOID PROCESS to articulate with atlas (inserted into the neural canal) and allows the head to turn side to side **ONLY IN AMNIOTES

in many amniotes (NOT AMPHIBIA), additional vertebrae

59
Q

what cervical vertibrae adaptations to amniotes have

A

2nd vertebrae is AXIS, and may have many additional cervical vertebrae for neck mobility

60
Q

differences in tetrapod limb posture - what, and which taxa generally have

A

SPRAWLED - amphibia, testudinata, lepidosauria

ERECT - mammalia and aves

61
Q

differences in limb movement between sprawled and erect

A

sprawled - recovery stroke needs overarm swing so more energy and slower, more energy into recovery

erect, pendulum like swing in one direction so easier, less energy, more energy into propulsion

62
Q

differences in pectoral girdle for different limb postures

A

sprawled - more medially directed compressive forces so enlargement of ventral elements of the pectoral girdle

erect - more ventral forces so enlargements of dorsal elements of the pectoral girdle

63
Q

three types of foot postures

A

PLANTIGRADE - fully planted

DIGITIGRADE - partially planted

UNGULIGRADE - only tips of phalanges planted

64
Q

how do differences in foot posture affect speed and efficiency, whos faster?

who withstands shock better

A

FASTER - UNGULIGRADE bc of contribution of foot bones to length of leg therefore greater stride length

LESS SHOCK - plantigrade because greater surface area in contact with the ground

65
Q

pre/post zygapophyses - who and what?

A

TETRAPODS

help prevent twisting of the vertebral column

PRE is on anterior of the vertebrae, two projections that support the POST of the posterior vertebrae

PRE SUPPORTS POST

66
Q

_____ supports _____?? (zygapophyses)

A

pre supports post!!

67
Q

sternum - who has and who doesn’t??? composed of??

A

NO - agnatha, chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii

YES - most tetrapods BUT evolved independantly in several diff. taxa

composed of cartilage and/or endochondral bone

68
Q

sternum adaptation for aves

A

large KEEL for attachment of flight muscles

69
Q

ribs - amphibians vs amniotes

A

amphibians - no articulation with sternum

amniotes - composed of COSTAL (vertebral) which articulates with the thoracic vertebrae and STERNAL (sternum) which articulate with the sternum to form rib cage

Biol 204 Lab (18 decks)

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