Lab 1 - vertebrate development

Question 1

cross section

Question 2

longitudinal

Question 3

sagittal

Answer 3

sep left and right

Question 4

mid-sagittal

Answer 4

sep left and right along midline

Question 5

para-sagittal

Answer 5

sep left and right not along midline

Question 6

transverse

Answer 6

sep anterior from posterior

Question 7

frontal section

Answer 7

separates dorsal and ventral

Question 8

key frog embryo features

Answer 8

MESOLECITHAL - moderate amount of yolk

Question 9

key chick embryo features

Answer 9

MACROLECITHAL - does not develop an archanteron, embryo develops on top of huge bed of yolk

lining of digestive tract instead formed by invagination of the endoderm

Question 10

key amphioxus embryo features

Answer 10

MICROLECITHAL - tiny amount of yolk therfore fast, even division

archanteron formation more dramatic than others

Question 11

microlecithal

Answer 11

tiny amount of yolk

Question 12

macrolecithal

Answer 12

huge amount of yolk

Question 13

mesolecithal

Answer 13

medium amount of yolk

Question 14

zygote

Question 15

cleavage

Answer 15

fertilized zygote rapidly divides

Question 16

blastula formation

Answer 16

continued cell division to form hollow ball of cells - space is blastocoel

Question 17

gastrulation

Answer 17

cells from outer surface migrate towards the interior through blastopore

Question 18

gastrula

Question 19

neurulatoin

Question 20

blastocoel

Question 21

blastopore

Question 22

archenteron

Answer 22

lumen of the digestive tract, originally lined by endoderm

Question 23

coelum

Question 24

animal pole

Question 25

vegetal pole

Answer 25

higher concentration of yolk than animal, slower cell division

Question 26

endoderm

Question 27

ectoderm

Question 28

mesoderm

Question 29

splanchnopleure

Answer 29

endoderm and splanchnic hypomere mesoderm, forming the yolk sac and allantois

Question 30

somatopleure

Answer 30

ectoderm and somatic hypomere mesoderm, forming the amnion and chorion

Question 31

extra-embryonic membranes

Question 32

amnion

Question 33

horion

Question 34

vitelline vessels

Answer 34

drain the embryotic gastrointestinal tract

Question 35

mesenchyme

Answer 35

cells which may migrate independently through the embryo

Question 36

ectoderm splits into 3 main categories:

Answer 36

somatic (epidermal) ectoderm

neural plate ectoderm

neural crest ectoderm

Question 37

endoderm forms one major category:

Answer 37

lining of archenteron

Question 38

mesoderm forms 4 major categories:

Answer 38

notochord

epimere (somites)

mesomere

hypomere

Question 39

somatic ectoderm forms:

Answer 39

epidermis

anterior lining of the mouth

olfactory organ

cloacal opening

Question 40

neural plate ectoderm forms

Answer 40

central nervous system (inc. brain and spinal chord)

part of the eyes

Question 41

neural crest ectoderm forms

Answer 41

peripheral nervous system

splanchnocranium

parts of the chondocranium

part of the teeth

Question 42

lining of the archanteron forms

Answer 42

lining of the digestive tract

posterior lining of the mouth

liver and gallbladder

pancreas

trachea and lungs

urinary bladder

cloaca

Question 43

notochord forms the

Answer 43

notochord!

*reduced or lost during development in many taxa

Question 44

epimere mesoderm forms

Answer 44

dermatome (dermis)

sclerotome (vertebrae and ribs)

myotome (most skeleton muscles)

Question 45

mesomere mesoderm forms

Answer 45

kidneys

urogenital ducts (in most)

Question 46

hypomere mesomere forms

Answer 46

1. somatic, which forms appendicular skeleton (except dermal bones), peritoneum, and gonads (in part)
2. splanchnic - which forms the heart/vessels and smooth muscle of the digestive tract