Lab 3 - form and function of the post-cranial skeleton

Question 1

bone

Answer 1

hard dense tissues

living cells (osteocytes) in lacunae surrounded by matrix of protein fibres and calcium phosphate

Question 2

cartilage

Answer 2

dense connective tissue

derived from mesenchyme or neural crest cells

cells (chondrocytes) located in pits called lacunae surrounded by matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers

NO blood vessels or nerves

nourishment by diffusion

Question 3

intramembranous bone

Answer 3

aka replacement bone, and includes dermal bone

mesenchyme ossified directly into bone

mesenchyme cells organize into flat sheets called MEMBRANES, sheets produce a matrix of protein fibers that is ossified

Question 4

endochondral bone

Answer 4

bone formed by ossification of hyaline cartilage, embryonic hyaline cartilage forms first then is replace by bone

also means by which bones grow longer, chondroblasts forming new cartilage at the ends of bone and at epiphyses which is then ossified

Question 5

centrum

Answer 5

sturdy central portion of vertebrae

hollow in some amphibians and salamanders, and notochord squeezed through, enlarges to form round pad to cushion articular ends of centra

in a few, centrum secondarily lost

tetrapods - solid centrum, cushioned w/ intervertebral discs or intervertebral bodies

Question 6

neural arch

Answer 6

dorsal part of vert

Question 7

neural spine

Answer 7

extending dorsally from neural arch

Question 8

hemal arch

Answer 8

ventral arch of vert

Question 9

zygapophyses

Answer 9

projections of dorsal region of neural arch

form locking devices between adjacent vertebrae

anterior is pre - zyga. (point midline and up) and posterior is post-zyga (point outward and down)

Question 10

regions of the vertebral column

Answer 10

GNATHOSTOME FISH: 1. trunk w ribs, neural arches and spines, 2. cadal w/ neural and hemal arches and spine

AMPHIBIA: cervical, trunk, sacral , caudal
- in some caudal fused into urostyle
-in many, one cervical - ATLAS

AMNIOTES - specialized cervical vertebra 1. atlas, 2 axis w/ projecting odontoid process, pivots so head can rotate

SAUROPSIDA - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal
- mod in many, ribs fused or not? many verebra or few,
-in AVES - sacral, lumbar, one thoracic, several caudal fuse to form synsacru, fuses to pelvic girdle

MAMMALS - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

Question 11

pectoral girdle bones

Answer 11

IN teliosomi, includes:

endochondral bone - coracoid, scapula, suprascapula

dermal bone: calvicle, cleithrum, supracleithrum, post temporal

Question 12

pelvic girdle bones

Answer 12

ilium, ischium (dorsal), pubis (ventarl

Question 13

limb bones

Answer 13

FORELIMB - humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals/phalanges

HINDLIMB - femus, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals/phalanges

Question 14

intramembranous bone

Answer 14

mesenchyme that ossifies directly into bone

includes DERMAL bone

Question 15

compact bone

Answer 15

solid when viewed w/ naked eye

contains canals

Question 16

trebecular bone

Answer 16

network of hard branching struts called trebaculae, looks porous

in living, space often filled w/ marrow

Question 17

ossification

Answer 17

process of depositing calcium phosphate into a matrix of protein fibers, process by which bone is formed

Question 18

osteocytes

Answer 18

living cells within the bone matrix

Question 19

chondrocytes

Answer 19

living cells within the cartilage matrix

Question 20

lacunae

Answer 20

contain osteocytes in bone

Question 21

harversian canals

Answer 21

house blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves, connected to each other by volkmann’s canals, and to lacunae by canaliculi

Question 22

matrix

Answer 22

the solid portion of bone and cartilage, housing lacunae and various canals (in bone)

Question 23

trebaculae

Answer 23

hard, branching struts in trebacular bone

Question 24

epiphysis

Answer 24

the enlarged, wide end of a long bone that articulates with other bones and joints

Question 25

vertebrate endoskeleton includes

Answer 25

axial and appendicular skeleton

Question 26

axial skeleton includes

Answer 26

cranial (skull/cranium) and post cranial axial (notochord, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) skeleton

Question 27

post-cranial skeleton includes

Answer 27

notochord, vertebral column, rib, sternum

Question 28

appendicular skeleton includes

Answer 28

girdles and paired appendages

Question 29

general connective tissue

Answer 29

fat, areolar tissue, blood plsama, lumph, fascia tendons and ligaments

Question 30

vertebrae

Answer 30

hagfish NO lamprays, tiny cartilagenous on dorsal side of notochord chondrichthys vert are cartilagenous actinopterygii - ossified

Question 31

sternum

Answer 31

endochondral bone att. point for chest muscles may or may not be att to ribs to form the rib cage FISH - NO sternum@ carilagenous in salamanders, partially in frogs in birds - one large bony element articulating w/ ribs, with a central KEEL for att of flight muscles in HUMANS rib att via costal cartilage, in mammals sternum is logitudinal series of several bones

Question 32

atlas

Answer 32

cervical vertebrae, ring like without a centrum, articulates w occipital condyles of the skull

Question 33

foot posture could be...

Answer 33

PLANTIGRADE - all on ground DIGITIGRADE - phalanges on groun/petatarsals kind of UNGULIGRADE - only phalanges partially, or even not

Question 34

general connective tissue

Answer 34

adipose (fat), areolar tissue, blood plasma, lymph, fascia fibrous tissue makes up tendons and ligaments

Question 35

tendons

Answer 35

doin bone and muscle

Question 36

ligaments

Answer 36

join bone to bone

Question 37

dermal bone

Answer 37

intramembranous bone formed from ossification of mesenchyme of the dermis

Question 38

ossification

Answer 38

deposition of calcium phosphate into a matrix of protein fibres

Question 39

periosteum

Answer 39

a sheet of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each bone can widen/strengthen bones by intramembranous ossification

Question 40

marrow

Answer 40

soft tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, fat cells role: fat storage, haematopoiesis (formation of blood cells)

Question 41

canaliculi

Answer 41

connect lacunae to each other, and lacunae to harversian canals

Question 42

notochord

Answer 42

longitudinal support rod of phylum chordata present in all vertebrate embryos, but functionally replaced by vertebral column in many

Question 43

typical vertebra structure

Answer 43

central CENTRUM dorsal NEURAL ARCH ventral HEMAL ARCH NEURAL SPINE HEMAL SPINE +several additions or reductions

Question 44

pre-zygapophyses

Answer 44

anterior, supports post

Question 45

post-zygapophyses

Answer 45

posterior, supported by pre

Question 46

components of pectoral girdle in chondrichthyes

Answer 46

coracoid bar, scapular processes, suprascapular processes

Question 47

endochondral bones of the teleost pectoral girdle

Answer 47

coracoid, scapula, suprascapula

Question 48

dermal bones of the teleost pectoral girdle

Answer 48

clavicle, cleithrum, supracleithrum, post-temporal

Question 49

where does attachment of the pectoral girdle to the skull arise and fall

Answer 49

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Question 50

amphicoelous centrum

Answer 50

cylindrical, concave on both ends chondrichthyes, sarcopterygii, actinopterygii, some amphibians

Question 51

procoelous

Answer 51

concave on anterior, covex on posterior some amphibians, some sauropsids

Question 52

opisthocoelous

Answer 52

convex on anterior, concave on posterior some sauropsids

Question 53

acoelous

Answer 53

cyclindrical, flat on both sides mammalia

Question 54

heterocoelous

Answer 54

concave on all sides some cervical regions in aves ad testudinata