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Biol 204 Lab > Lab 3 - form and function of the post-cranial skeleton > Flashcards

Lab 3 - form and function of the post-cranial skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

bone

A

hard dense tissues

living cells (osteocytes) in lacunae surrounded by matrix of protein fibres and calcium phosphate

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2
Q

cartilage

A

dense connective tissue

derived from mesenchyme or neural crest cells

cells (chondrocytes) located in pits called lacunae surrounded by matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers

NO blood vessels or nerves

nourishment by diffusion

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3
Q

intramembranous bone

A

aka replacement bone, and includes dermal bone

mesenchyme ossified directly into bone

mesenchyme cells organize into flat sheets called MEMBRANES, sheets produce a matrix of protein fibers that is ossified

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4
Q

endochondral bone

A

bone formed by ossification of hyaline cartilage, embryonic hyaline cartilage forms first then is replace by bone

also means by which bones grow longer, chondroblasts forming new cartilage at the ends of bone and at epiphyses which is then ossified

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5
Q

centrum

A

sturdy central portion of vertebrae

hollow in some amphibians and salamanders, and notochord squeezed through, enlarges to form round pad to cushion articular ends of centra

in a few, centrum secondarily lost

tetrapods - solid centrum, cushioned w/ intervertebral discs or intervertebral bodies

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6
Q

neural arch

A

dorsal part of vert

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7
Q

neural spine

A

extending dorsally from neural arch

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8
Q

hemal arch

A

ventral arch of vert

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9
Q

zygapophyses

A

projections of dorsal region of neural arch

form locking devices between adjacent vertebrae

anterior is pre - zyga. (point midline and up) and posterior is post-zyga (point outward and down)

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10
Q

regions of the vertebral column

A

GNATHOSTOME FISH: 1. trunk w ribs, neural arches and spines, 2. cadal w/ neural and hemal arches and spine

AMPHIBIA: cervical, trunk, sacral , caudal
- in some caudal fused into urostyle
-in many, one cervical - ATLAS

AMNIOTES - specialized cervical vertebra 1. atlas, 2 axis w/ projecting odontoid process, pivots so head can rotate

SAUROPSIDA - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal
- mod in many, ribs fused or not? many verebra or few,
-in AVES - sacral, lumbar, one thoracic, several caudal fuse to form synsacru, fuses to pelvic girdle

MAMMALS - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

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11
Q

pectoral girdle bones

A

IN teliosomi, includes:

endochondral bone - coracoid, scapula, suprascapula

dermal bone: calvicle, cleithrum, supracleithrum, post temporal

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12
Q

pelvic girdle bones

A

ilium, ischium (dorsal), pubis (ventarl

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13
Q

limb bones

A

FORELIMB - humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals/phalanges

HINDLIMB - femus, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals/phalanges

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14
Q

intramembranous bone

A

mesenchyme that ossifies directly into bone

includes DERMAL bone

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15
Q

compact bone

A

solid when viewed w/ naked eye

contains canals

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16
Q

trebecular bone

A

network of hard branching struts called trebaculae, looks porous

in living, space often filled w/ marrow

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17
Q

ossification

A

process of depositing calcium phosphate into a matrix of protein fibers, process by which bone is formed

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18
Q

osteocytes

A

living cells within the bone matrix

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19
Q

chondrocytes

A

living cells within the cartilage matrix

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20
Q

lacunae

A

contain osteocytes in bone

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21
Q

harversian canals

A

house blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves, connected to each other by volkmann’s canals, and to lacunae by canaliculi

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22
Q

matrix

A

the solid portion of bone and cartilage, housing lacunae and various canals (in bone)

23
Q

trebaculae

A

hard, branching struts in trebacular bone

24
Q

epiphysis

A

the enlarged, wide end of a long bone that articulates with other bones and joints

25
Q

vertebrate endoskeleton includes

A

axial and appendicular skeleton

26
Q

axial skeleton includes

A

cranial (skull/cranium) and post cranial axial (notochord, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) skeleton

27
Q

post-cranial skeleton includes

A

notochord, vertebral column, rib, sternum

28
Q

appendicular skeleton includes

A

girdles and paired appendages

29
Q

general connective tissue

A

fat, areolar tissue, blood plsama, lumph, fascia

tendons and ligaments

30
Q

vertebrae

A

hagfish NO

lamprays, tiny cartilagenous on dorsal side of notochord

chondrichthys vert are cartilagenous

actinopterygii - ossified

31
Q

sternum

A

endochondral bone

att. point for chest muscles

may or may not be att to ribs to form the rib cage

FISH - NO sternum@

carilagenous in salamanders, partially in frogs

in birds - one large bony element articulating w/ ribs, with a central KEEL for att of flight muscles

in HUMANS rib att via costal cartilage, in mammals sternum is logitudinal series of several bones

32
Q

atlas

A

cervical vertebrae, ring like without a centrum, articulates w occipital condyles of the skull

33
Q

foot posture could be…

A

PLANTIGRADE - all on ground
DIGITIGRADE - phalanges on groun/petatarsals kind of
UNGULIGRADE - only phalanges partially, or even not

34
Q

general connective tissue

A

adipose (fat), areolar tissue, blood plasma, lymph, fascia

fibrous tissue makes up tendons and ligaments

35
Q

tendons

A

doin bone and muscle

36
Q

ligaments

A

join bone to bone

37
Q

dermal bone

A

intramembranous bone formed from ossification of mesenchyme of the dermis

38
Q

ossification

A

deposition of calcium phosphate into a matrix of protein fibres

39
Q

periosteum

A

a sheet of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each bone

can widen/strengthen bones by intramembranous ossification

40
Q

marrow

A

soft tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, fat cells

role: fat storage, haematopoiesis (formation of blood cells)

41
Q

canaliculi

A

connect lacunae to each other, and lacunae to harversian canals

42
Q

notochord

A

longitudinal support rod of phylum chordata

present in all vertebrate embryos, but functionally replaced by vertebral column in many

43
Q

typical vertebra structure

A

central CENTRUM

dorsal NEURAL ARCH

ventral HEMAL ARCH

NEURAL SPINE

HEMAL SPINE

+several additions or reductions

44
Q

pre-zygapophyses

A

anterior, supports post

45
Q

post-zygapophyses

A

posterior, supported by pre

46
Q

components of pectoral girdle in chondrichthyes

A

coracoid bar, scapular processes, suprascapular processes

47
Q

endochondral bones of the teleost pectoral girdle

A

coracoid, scapula, suprascapula

48
Q

dermal bones of the teleost pectoral girdle

A

clavicle, cleithrum, supracleithrum, post-temporal

49
Q

where does attachment of the pectoral girdle to the skull arise and fall

A

???????????????????

50
Q

amphicoelous centrum

A

cylindrical, concave on both ends

chondrichthyes, sarcopterygii, actinopterygii, some amphibians

51
Q

procoelous

A

concave on anterior, covex on posterior

some amphibians, some sauropsids

52
Q

opisthocoelous

A

convex on anterior, concave on posterior

some sauropsids

53
Q

acoelous

A

cyclindrical, flat on both sides

mammalia

54
Q

heterocoelous

A

concave on all sides

some cervical regions in aves ad testudinata

Biol 204 Lab (18 decks)

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