Lab 3 - form and function of the post-cranial skeleton Flashcards
bone
hard dense tissues
living cells (osteocytes) in lacunae surrounded by matrix of protein fibres and calcium phosphate
cartilage
dense connective tissue
derived from mesenchyme or neural crest cells
cells (chondrocytes) located in pits called lacunae surrounded by matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers
NO blood vessels or nerves
nourishment by diffusion
intramembranous bone
aka replacement bone, and includes dermal bone
mesenchyme ossified directly into bone
mesenchyme cells organize into flat sheets called MEMBRANES, sheets produce a matrix of protein fibers that is ossified
endochondral bone
bone formed by ossification of hyaline cartilage, embryonic hyaline cartilage forms first then is replace by bone
also means by which bones grow longer, chondroblasts forming new cartilage at the ends of bone and at epiphyses which is then ossified
centrum
sturdy central portion of vertebrae
hollow in some amphibians and salamanders, and notochord squeezed through, enlarges to form round pad to cushion articular ends of centra
in a few, centrum secondarily lost
tetrapods - solid centrum, cushioned w/ intervertebral discs or intervertebral bodies
neural arch
dorsal part of vert
neural spine
extending dorsally from neural arch
hemal arch
ventral arch of vert
zygapophyses
projections of dorsal region of neural arch
form locking devices between adjacent vertebrae
anterior is pre - zyga. (point midline and up) and posterior is post-zyga (point outward and down)
regions of the vertebral column
GNATHOSTOME FISH: 1. trunk w ribs, neural arches and spines, 2. cadal w/ neural and hemal arches and spine
AMPHIBIA: cervical, trunk, sacral , caudal
- in some caudal fused into urostyle
-in many, one cervical - ATLAS
AMNIOTES - specialized cervical vertebra 1. atlas, 2 axis w/ projecting odontoid process, pivots so head can rotate
SAUROPSIDA - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal
- mod in many, ribs fused or not? many verebra or few,
-in AVES - sacral, lumbar, one thoracic, several caudal fuse to form synsacru, fuses to pelvic girdle
MAMMALS - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal
pectoral girdle bones
IN teliosomi, includes:
endochondral bone - coracoid, scapula, suprascapula
dermal bone: calvicle, cleithrum, supracleithrum, post temporal
pelvic girdle bones
ilium, ischium (dorsal), pubis (ventarl
limb bones
FORELIMB - humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals/phalanges
HINDLIMB - femus, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals/phalanges
intramembranous bone
mesenchyme that ossifies directly into bone
includes DERMAL bone
compact bone
solid when viewed w/ naked eye
contains canals
trebecular bone
network of hard branching struts called trebaculae, looks porous
in living, space often filled w/ marrow
ossification
process of depositing calcium phosphate into a matrix of protein fibers, process by which bone is formed
osteocytes
living cells within the bone matrix
chondrocytes
living cells within the cartilage matrix
lacunae
contain osteocytes in bone
harversian canals
house blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves, connected to each other by volkmann’s canals, and to lacunae by canaliculi
matrix
the solid portion of bone and cartilage, housing lacunae and various canals (in bone)
trebaculae
hard, branching struts in trebacular bone
epiphysis
the enlarged, wide end of a long bone that articulates with other bones and joints
vertebrate endoskeleton includes
axial and appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton includes
cranial (skull/cranium) and post cranial axial (notochord, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) skeleton
post-cranial skeleton includes
notochord, vertebral column, rib, sternum
appendicular skeleton includes
girdles and paired appendages
general connective tissue
fat, areolar tissue, blood plsama, lumph, fascia
tendons and ligaments
vertebrae
hagfish NO
lamprays, tiny cartilagenous on dorsal side of notochord
chondrichthys vert are cartilagenous
actinopterygii - ossified
sternum
endochondral bone
att. point for chest muscles
may or may not be att to ribs to form the rib cage
FISH - NO sternum@
carilagenous in salamanders, partially in frogs
in birds - one large bony element articulating w/ ribs, with a central KEEL for att of flight muscles
in HUMANS rib att via costal cartilage, in mammals sternum is logitudinal series of several bones
atlas
cervical vertebrae, ring like without a centrum, articulates w occipital condyles of the skull
foot posture could be…
PLANTIGRADE - all on ground
DIGITIGRADE - phalanges on groun/petatarsals kind of
UNGULIGRADE - only phalanges partially, or even not
general connective tissue
adipose (fat), areolar tissue, blood plasma, lymph, fascia
fibrous tissue makes up tendons and ligaments
tendons
doin bone and muscle
ligaments
join bone to bone
dermal bone
intramembranous bone formed from ossification of mesenchyme of the dermis
ossification
deposition of calcium phosphate into a matrix of protein fibres
periosteum
a sheet of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each bone
can widen/strengthen bones by intramembranous ossification
marrow
soft tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, fat cells
role: fat storage, haematopoiesis (formation of blood cells)
canaliculi
connect lacunae to each other, and lacunae to harversian canals
notochord
longitudinal support rod of phylum chordata
present in all vertebrate embryos, but functionally replaced by vertebral column in many
typical vertebra structure
central CENTRUM
dorsal NEURAL ARCH
ventral HEMAL ARCH
NEURAL SPINE
HEMAL SPINE
+several additions or reductions
pre-zygapophyses
anterior, supports post
post-zygapophyses
posterior, supported by pre
components of pectoral girdle in chondrichthyes
coracoid bar, scapular processes, suprascapular processes
endochondral bones of the teleost pectoral girdle
coracoid, scapula, suprascapula
dermal bones of the teleost pectoral girdle
clavicle, cleithrum, supracleithrum, post-temporal
where does attachment of the pectoral girdle to the skull arise and fall
???????????????????
amphicoelous centrum
cylindrical, concave on both ends
chondrichthyes, sarcopterygii, actinopterygii, some amphibians
procoelous
concave on anterior, covex on posterior
some amphibians, some sauropsids
opisthocoelous
convex on anterior, concave on posterior
some sauropsids
acoelous
cyclindrical, flat on both sides
mammalia
heterocoelous
concave on all sides
some cervical regions in aves ad testudinata
