specific taxon info Flashcards
Metatheria
Eutheria
Monotremata
Aves
Crocodilia
Lepidosauria
Testudinata
Amphibia general characteristics
thin scaleless skin covered in mucous for cutaneous gas exchange, as well as lungs (in most) for gas exchange
aquatic larval stage, dramatic metamorphosis to terrestrial or semi terrestrial adult stage
Sarcopterygii
Actinopterygii
HUGE taxon!! approx 30, 000 known species
Holocephali
chimaeras
Elasmobranchii
sharks, skates, and rays
Petromyzontida
lamprays
larval stage that uses a muscular pharyngeal pump, as well as endostyle
during metamorphosis, endostyle transitions into a thyroid gland
SOME (<1/2) species are parasitic, those that aren’t parasitic don’t feed at all as adults just reproduce
Myxinoidea
derived character - secondary loss of vertebrae
HAGFISH
can release huge volumes of slime if attacked
deuterostome
synapomorphies: pharyngeal slits
chordate characters (list)
dorsal hollow nerve chord (most likely)
notochord (synapomorphy for chordates)
pharyngeal slits (likely synapomorphy for deuterostomes)
post-anal tail (hypothesized synapomorphy)
endostyle (synpomorphy)
***@ some stages in development, not necessarily at all life stages
protostomes
echinodermata
sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars
larvae often have bilateral symmetry but undergo metamorphosis giving adults e pentaradial symmetry
hemichordata
includes acorn worms and pterobranchs
dorsal nerve chord is NOT hollow! also has a ventral nerve chord
has a pharynx and pharyngeal slits
body is composed of three regions: the probosis, collar, and trunk
cephalochordata
retain all 5 chordate characters all through their lives
look little basic eels, very good example of characters, super simple
breaths water by taking in water through the mouth and out pharynx through slits, out through atriapore
urochordata
sea squirts etc
SOME are free flowing, but most are CESSILE as adults (attach to surfaces)
key physiological features: endostyle, large pharynx with slits, an atrium, stomach, buccal siphon (opening on very top), atrial siphon (from which H2O exits), TUNIC
undergoes large metamorphosis, anterior attaches to a surface
vertebrata
synapomorphies: vertebral column, cranium, muscular pharyngeal pump
synapomorphy of protostomes and deuterostomes
the coelum (fluid filled body cavity containing the internal organs
how can you distinguish between protostomes and deuterostomes?
look at their early embryonic development
distinguishing between protostomes and deuterostomes from early embryonic development
PROTOSTOMES - blastopore forms in the anterior region of the embryo and gives rise to the region of the mouth
DEUTEROSTOMES - blastopore forms in the posterior of the embryo, gives rise to the region of the anus
what is the endostyle homologous to in vertebrates
thyroid gland
3 regions of the hemichordata body
probosis, collar, trunk
chondrichthyes
cartilagenous fish
control buoyancy by producing oils in the liver and by swimming
negatively buoyant, sink if they stop swimming
how to cephalochordata guide water through their bodies/take in particles?
they create a current using cilia
lining of the pharynx is covered w/ mucus to trap food particles
gnathostomata derived characters
bone, jaws (derived from the splanchnocranium of the skull), paired pectoral and pelvic fins
the vertebral column is a synapomorphy for
vertebrates
the cranium is a synapomorphy for
vertebrates
the muscular pharyngeal pump is a synapomorphy for
vertebrates
agnatha
vertebrates without jaws - so has cranium, vertebral column, muscular pharyngeal pump
bone is a synapomorphy for
gnathostomata
jaws are a synapomorphy for
gnathostomata
secondary loss of vertebrae happened in
myxinoidea
paired pectoral and pelvic fins are a synapomorphy for
gnathostomata
teliostomi
bony skeletons
synapomorphies - gas bladder acting as a swim bladder in many actinopterygii, in others act as lungs for gas exchange
gas bladder is a synapomorphy for
teleostomi
synapomorphy for sarcopterygii and tetrapods
fleshy fins
fleshy fins are a synapomorphy for:
sarcopterygii and tetrapods
sarcopterygii
some have paired lungs for gas exchange with air
gas bladder filled with fat and for buoancy not respiration
elasmobranchii (general description)
cartilagenous fish including sharks, skates, and rays
holocephali (general descripton)
ratfish <3 they look like rats
anamniotes
animals like fish and amphibians that do not produce an amnion, chorion, or allantois
carapace
dorsal portion of turtle’s bony shell
plastron
ventral portion of turtle’s bony shell
oviparous
lay eggs (this is what monotremata are)
viviparous
give birth to free-living young - eutharians, metatharians
