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Phil 102 > Study 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Study 1 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Thinking that critiques

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2
Q

What is the purpose of critical thinking?

A

To come to correct conclusions

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3
Q

Beliefs are propositional? T / F

A

True. Propositional means a belief can be expressed in a declarative sentence (a sentence that is either true or false)

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4
Q

Beliefs are the same as

A

judgements and opinions

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5
Q

What happens when we express a belief in a declarative sentence?

A

The result is a statement or claim or assertion (for our purposes these are the same thing)

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6
Q

Objective claim

A

Whether it is true or false is independent of whether people think it is true or false.

Example: There is life on Mars. Is an objective claim, because whether or not life exists there doesn’t depend on whether people think it does. If everyone suddenly believed there was life on Mars, that doesn’t mean that suddenly there would be life on Mars.

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7
Q

Are objective claims true or false?

A

Both

Example: Portland, Oregon is closer to the north pole than to the equator is a true objective claim.

Portland Oregon is closer to the equator than the North Pole is a false objective claim.

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8
Q

What is a subjective claim

A

Whether a subjective claim is true or false is not independent of whether people think it is true or false.

Examples: Rice vinegar is too sweet. Is rice vinegar too sweet? it depends on what you think.

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9
Q

Can a statement contain both objective and subjective elements?

A

Yes.

Example: Somebody stole our nifty concrete lawn duck.

Whether the lawn duck is concrete is objective. whether it is nifty is subjective.

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10
Q

Are all factual opinions true?

A

No.

If it’s stated as a fact its still a factual opinion, even if its false.

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11
Q

What is relativism

A

The idea that truth is relative to the standards of a given culture

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12
Q

What is Moral Subjectivism

A

The idea that moral opinions are subjective. If you think something is morally wrong, you don’t need to consider any further truth.

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13
Q

What is an issue?

A

A question

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14
Q

What is an argument?

A

It presents a consideration for accepting a claim.

2 Parts: Premise and conclusion

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15
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

Unconscious features of human psychology affecting belief information

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16
Q

What is belief bias?

A

The tendency to evaluate reasoning by the believability of its conclusion

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17
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

The tendency to attach more weight to evidence that supports our view point

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18
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

Unconsciously assigning a probability to a type of event on the basis of how often one thinks of events of that type

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19
Q

What is the false consensus affect

A

The inclination we may have to assume that our attitudes and those held by people around us are shared by society at large

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20
Q

What is the bandwagon affect?

A

The tendency to align one’s thinking with that of other people.

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21
Q

What is negativity bias?

A

Weighing negative information more heavily than positive information

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22
Q

What is loss aversion

A

That people are more motivated to avoid a loss than make a gain

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23
Q

What is in-group bias

A

its easier to form a negative opinion of people who don’t belong in our club or group

24
Q

What is fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to not appreciate that others’ behavior is as much constrained by events and circumstances as our own

25
Q

What is a fact?

A

a true objective claim

26
Q

What is a true objective claim?

A

a fact

27
Q

What is an opinion?

A

any claim that is subjective

28
Q

What is knowledge?

A

If you believe something, have an argument beyond a reasonable doubt that it is so, and have no reason to think you are mistaken, you can claim you know it.

29
Q

What is truth?

A

a claim is true if it is free from error

30
Q

Deductive arguments

A

if true, proves or demonstrates its conclusion

31
Q

When is an argument valid?

A

When it isn’t possible for the premise to be true and the conclusion false:

Joe was born before George. Joe is older than George.

32
Q

Can a valid argument be false?

A

Yes.

Joe was born before George. joe is older than George.

Argument is valid, but if Joe wasn’t born before George, none of it is true.

33
Q

What is a sound argument?

A

When the premises of a valid argument are true.

34
Q

Difference between sound and valid

A

valid is when the premises if the premises WERE true. Sound is if the premises ARE true.

35
Q

What is an inductive argument?

A

Doesn’t demonstrate its conclusion, it supports it

Example: After 2pm traffic slows to a crawl on the bay bridge. Therefore, it probably does the same thing on the Golden Gate Bridge.

The fact that traffic slows on the Bay bridge does not demonstrate or prove that it does it on the golden gate bridge.

36
Q

Strong vs weak

A

The more support the premises provide for the conclusion of an INDUCTIVE argment, the stronger the argument. The less support, the weaker

37
Q

Beyond a reasonable doubt

A

not as strong as beyond any possible doubt, which is required for deductive demonstration.

38
Q

If the conclusion of an argument is true by definition given the premise it is a…

A

Valid deductive argument

39
Q

Valid argument form

A

If juan is blah, then juan is bleh. Juan is not bleh, therefore juan is not blah.

this is a valid argument

40
Q

What is the best practice when there is an unclear unstated premise?

A

Attribute to the speaker an unstated premise that is at least believable, everything considered.

41
Q

Deductive arguments are compared as

A

Validity (when it isn’t possible for premise to be true and conclusion false) and soundness (when a valid arguments premises actually are true). Sound arguments also HAVE to be valid

42
Q

Inductive compared as

A

Strength and weakness

43
Q

IBE - Inference to the Best Explanation,

Also known as abduction

A

Concludes that something exists or holds true or is a fact because it best explains something we have observed or otherwise know.

Example: Neither the dog nor my husband is home, and the dog’s leash is gone. My best explanation is that my husband is out walking the dog. Therefore, my husband is out walking the dog.

44
Q

If…Then.. sentences

A

are not arguments

45
Q

List of facts

A

Not an argument

46
Q

because statements

A

can be an argument or not

Not an argument:
Mike is in his swimsuit because he was swimming.

Argument:
Mike was swimming because he’s in his swimsuit

47
Q

Aristotle’s 3 ways of persuasion

A

Ethos, Pathos, Logos

48
Q

Ethos

A

Being persuaded by a speakers Experience, attributes, background

49
Q

Pathos

A

Being persuaded by the speaker by connecting on a Personal level

50
Q

Logos

A

Using Logic to persuade

51
Q

What is the least effective or Aristotle’s 3 ways of persuasion?

A

Logos / Logic

52
Q

What do arrows mean when bracketing argument?

A

Therefore

53
Q

How to label counterclaims

A

crossing lines in the therefore arrow

counter claim = arguments against its conclusion

54
Q

rhetoric

A

has no premises

55
Q

What are the two fundamental types of reasoning?

A

Deductive and inductive

Phil 102 (18 decks)

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