Ch9 Recap Flashcards
A Claims
All (S) is P
E Claims
No (S) are (P)
I Claims
Some S are P
O Claims
Some S are not (P)
Venn Diagram Shaded area
indicates that nothing is in it
Venn Diagram X in an area
Indicates that at least one thing is in that part of a class or classes
Venn Diagram blank
Does NOT mean that it is empty. It means we have no information about that part of the category or class
Affirmative Claims
A and I
Negative Claims
E and O
“only” introduces
predicate term of A-Claim
“the only) introduces
Subject term of A-Claim
“whenever” means
times or occasions
usually introduces the subject term of an A claim about times
“Wherever” means
places or locations
Usually introduces the subject term of an A-claim about places
Claims about individuals are treated as
A or E Claims
The square of opposition displays
contradiction, contrariety, and subcontrariety among corresponding standard-form claims
What are three relations that result from operations peformed on standard-form claims
conversion, obversion, and contraposition. Some are equivalent to the original, and some are not
Categorical syllogisms
standardized deductive arguments; we can test them for validity by the Venn diagram method or by the rules method
Categorical logic
logic based on the relations of inclusion and exclusion among classes
Equivalent
two claims are equivalent if, and only if, they would be true in exactly the same circumstances. under no circumstances could one of them be true and the other false. (You can think of such claims as “saying the same thing”
Every X is a Y - Standard form A-claim
All Xs are Ys
Minors are not eligible standard form
E-claim No minors are eligible people
Universal Affirmative
A (Every S is P)
Universal Negative
E (No S is P)
Particular Affirmative
I (Some S is P)
Particular Negative
O (Some S is not P)
