Chapter 11 Recap

Question 1

Argument from analogy

Answer 1

argument that something has an attribute because a similar thing has that attribute

Question 2

strategy for rebutting an argument from analogy

Answer 2

attack the analogy, calling attention to important dissimilarities

Question 3

arguments from analogy are especially important in

Answer 3

ethics, history, and the law, and in rebutting other arguments

Question 4

generalizaing from sample

Answer 4

reasoning when the reason that all, most, or some percentage of the members of a population have an attribute because all most, or some have that attribute

Question 5

scientific generalizing

Answer 5

differ from everyday variety in that everyday samples are not scientifically selected to eliminate bias, and probabilities in everday generalizations cannot be calculated preceisely

Question 6

statistical syllogism

Answer 6

Most Xs are Ys; this is an X; therefore this is a Y

Question 7

strength of statistical syllogism

Answer 7

distinct from the probability of its conclusion everything considered

Question 8

arguments and casual statements

Answer 8

often use the same vocabulary

Question 9

casual statements can be

Answer 9

conclusions or premises in arguments, but not entire arguments

Question 10

casual hypothesis

Answer 10

tentative casual statement offered for further investigation or testing

Question 11

confirmation of a casual hypothesis

Answer 11

attempt to show that the suspected cause is the condition but for which the phenomenon of interest would not have happened

Question 12

the legal cause of an effect often requires

Answer 12

a judgement regarding what casual agent is most relevant