Studietaak 8

Question 1

A defect in an argument that consists in something other than false premises alone

Answer 1

Fallacy

Question 2

Fallacy that may be identified by merely examining the form or structure of an argument

Answer 2

Formal fallacy

Question 3

Fallacy that can be detected by examining the content of the argument

Answer 3

Informal fallacy

Question 4

In which five groups can twenty-two fallacies be divided into?

Answer 4

1. Fallacies of relevance
2. Fallacies of weak induction
3. Fallacies of presumption
4. Fallacies of ambiguity
5. Fallacies of grammatical analogy

Question 5

Arguments have premises that are logically irrelevant to the conclusion. Yet the premises may appear to be psychologically relevant, so the conclusion may seem to follow from the premises, even though it does not follow logically

Answer 5

Fallacies of relevance

Question 6

Occurs whenever an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him or her if he or she does not accept the conclusion

Answer 6

Appeal to force
(argument ad baculum)

Question 7

Occurs when an arguer attempts to support a conclusion by merely evoking pity from the reader or listener

Answer 7

Appeal to pity
(argumentum ad misericordiam)

Question 8

Uses the readers or listeners desire to be loved, esteemed, admired, valued, recognised and accepted, to get them to accept a conclusion

Answer 8

Appeal to the people
(argumentum ad populum)

Question 9

Argument that states you will be left behind or out of the group if you do not use the product

Answer 9

Bandwagon argument

Question 10

Argument that associates the product with someone who is admired, pursued, or imitated, the idea being that you, too, will be admired and pursued if you use it

Answer 10

The appeal to vanity

Question 11

Fallacy that involves two arguers. One of them advances a certain argument, and the other then responds by directing his or her attention not to he first person’s argument but to the first person himself

Answer 11

Argument against the person
(argumentum ad hominem)

Question 12

In which three forms does the argument against the person occur?

Answer 12

1. Ad hominem abusive
2. Ad hominem circumstantial
3. Tu quoque

Question 13

The second person responds to the first person’s argument by verbally abusing the first person

Answer 13

Ad hominem abusive

Question 14

The second person attempts to discredit the first person’s argument by alluding to certain circumstances that affect the opponent

Answer 14

Ad hominem circumstantial

Question 15

The second arguer attempts to make the first appear to be hypocritical or arguing in bad faith

Answer 15

Tu quoque

Question 16

Committed when a general rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover

Answer 16

Accident

Question 17

Committed when an arguer distorts an opponent’s argument for the purpose of more easily attacking it, demolishes the distorted argument, and then concludes that the opponent’s real argument has been demolished

Answer 17

Straw man

Question 18

Occurs when the premises of an argument support one particular conclusion, but then a different conclusion, often vaguely related to the correct conclusion, is drawn

Answer 18

Missing the point
(ignoratio elenchi)

Question 19

Committed when the arguer diverts the attention of the reader or listener by changing the subject to a different but sometimes subtly related one

Answer 19

Red herring

Question 20

Occur because the connection between premises and conclusion is not strong enough to support the conclusion

Answer 20

Fallacies of weak induction

Question 21

Occurs when the cited authority or witness lacks credibility

Answer 21

Appeal to unqualified authority
(argumentum ad verecundiam)

Question 22

When the premises of an argument state that nothing has been proved one way or the other about something, and the conclusion then makes a definite assertion about that thing

Answer 22

Appeal to ignorance
(argumentum ad ignorantiam)

Question 23

Occurs when there is a reasonable likelihood that the sample is not representative of the group

Answer 23

Hasty generalisation

Question 24

Occurs whenever the link between premises and conclusion depends on some imagined causal connection that probably does not exist

Answer 24

False cause

Question 25

Presupposes that just because one event precedes another event, the first event causes the second

Answer 25

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Question 26

Committed when what is taken to be the cause of something is not really the cause at all and the mistake is based on something other than mere temporal succession

Answer 26

Non causa pro causa

Question 27

Occurs when a multitude of causes is responsible for a certain effect, but the arguer selects just one of these causes and represents it as if it were the sole cause

Answer 27

Oversimplified cause

Question 28

Committed whenever the conclusion of an argument depends on the supposition that independent events in a game of chance are causally related

Answer 28

Gambler’s fallacy

Question 29

Occurs when the conclusion of an argument rests on an alleged chain reaction and there is not sufficient reason to think that the chain reaction will actually take place

Answer 29

Slippery slope

Question 30

Committed when the analogy is not strong enough to support the conclusion that is drawn

Answer 30

Weak analogy