Studies 2 Flashcards
Bandura
bobo doll study 36 boys and 36 girls
24 shown aggressive model; hitting and shouting at bobo doll- more aggressive than other groups
24 non aggressive
24 control
children taken into room with bobo doll and other toys
boys imitated more physically aggressive acts compared to girls
no difference in verbal aggression (between boys and girls)
boys more likely to imitate same sex model
Andsager et al
identification with a character or example may increase the likelihood that audiences will model behaviour presented in an anti-alcohol message
real world application and can be used positively in health campaigns
Siegal and McCormick
argued that people who hold deviant values at a young age are more likely to associate with peers of the same nature- they are more fun and thus the reinforcement of this deviant behaviour is a two-way process rather than the SLT in itself.
you do not learn deviant behav from peers but are more likely to find deviant friends
issue of causality
Freud
case studies for psychodynamic
little hans’ fear of horses was linked to the oedipus complex
he had an unconscious fear of his father
Hans resolved this conflict as he fantasised himself with a big penis and married to his mother
his allowed Hans to overcome his castration anxiety and identify with his father.
Karl Popper
psychodynamic approach doesnt meet scientific criteria for falsification so is not open to empirical testing
accuses it of being a pseudoscience
Fisher and Greenberg
reviewed studies and found evidence for some parts of psychodynamic eg the role of the unconscious and defence mechanisms
said that some parts should be accepted and other should be rejected
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs- humans motivated beyond biological survival
physiological- safety-love and belonging- esteem- self actualisation
Rogers
client centred therapy reducing gap between self and ideal self
therapist provided unconditional positive regard
Watson
founded behaviourism and focused on how we are a product of our learning experiences and envrionment
Pavlov
classical conditioning in dogs- association
bell-NS = no salivation
bell+food-UCS= salivation-UCR
bell- CS= salivation-CR
Skinner
skinners box with rats and birds- learning as a result of consequences to behaviour
negative reinforcement- lever stops the shock
positive reinforcement- food when lever pressed
pavlov
classical conditioning
trained dogs to salivate to sound of a bell by pairing/ associating the bell with giving them food
skinner
skinners box- rats
positive reinforcement shown by pressing lever to get food
negative reinforcement- trained to avoid electric shock
punishment
sperry
studied 11 patients who had corpus callosum severed-split brain
presented them with images to left and right VF to see how brain responded when the hemispheres couldnt interact
dougherty
local function
44 people who had surgery to remove part of brain linked with ocd- cingulate gyrus
1/3 got better after surgery which supports local of function
but 2/3 didnt get better so may be another cos
Peterson
local function
used brain scans to show that broca’s area was active during reading tasks
wernicke’s area was active during listening tasks
Harasty
found individual differences- women have larger broca’s area than men showing localisation isn’t completely fixed
beta bias in studies as it minimises differences between men and women
lashley
proposed equipotential theory where brain functions are distributed more holistically
rats were trained to complete a maze then had parts of brain removed and could complete in same amount of time
dick and tremblay
found that only 2% of modern researchers think that language is completely controlled by wernicke and broca area due to advances in brain imaging techniques
maguire
plasticity
studied london taxi drivers and found sig more grey matter in hippocampus compared to controls
positively correlated with time of being taxi driver
H associated with spatial and navigation skills
draganski
studied brains of medical students before and after finals
learning induced changes occurred in parietal cortex and posterior hippocampus
compared to control group
areas involved in memory retrieval and learning
EB (case study)
functional recovery had almost whole of left hemisphere removed aged 2.5 had substantial rehab for language tested at 17 + language was excellent shows right hemisphere had compensated
phillips
found that daily homicide rates in US almost always increased in the week following a big boxing match
showing people imitate the violent behaviour
phineas gage
had a pole go straight through his head due to a work accident
through frontal lobe (involved in personality)
before he was very hard working and reserved etc
after his personality completely changed
he couldn’t hold down a job, quick tempered, rude and became an aggressive drunk
(local)
Donkers
conducted an MRI scan on Tan’s brain to try and confirm Broca’s findings, there was lesion on Broca’s area but found issues with other areas may have also contributed to the loss of speech production
-broca’s is not the only important part and may be due to damage of other areas
- may be due to how the brain communicates rather than the exact areas
(local)
nielsen
studied 1000 brains and found evidence for lateralisation but not a particular dominant side ( eg “some people are left brained”)
lateralisation
fink et al
used PET scans to identify areas active in visual processing tasks
when looking at global elements eg whole picture, the RH was more active
when focusing on finer details the LH was more active/ dominated
showing hemispheres process info differently and this is a feature of split and connected brains
(lateralisation)
elbert
capacity of neural reorganisation is greater at a younger age and decreases with age, less effective in adults
may be why adults find change more demanding/ challenging
(individual differences in recovery from trauma)
