Studies 2

Question 1

Bandura

Answer 1

bobo doll study 36 boys and 36 girls
24 shown aggressive model; hitting and shouting at bobo doll- more aggressive than other groups
24 non aggressive
24 control
children taken into room with bobo doll and other toys
boys imitated more physically aggressive acts compared to girls
no difference in verbal aggression (between boys and girls)
boys more likely to imitate same sex model

Question 2

Andsager et al

Answer 2

identification with a character or example may increase the likelihood that audiences will model behaviour presented in an anti-alcohol message
real world application and can be used positively in health campaigns

Question 3

Siegal and McCormick

Answer 3

argued that people who hold deviant values at a young age are more likely to associate with peers of the same nature- they are more fun and thus the reinforcement of this deviant behaviour is a two-way process rather than the SLT in itself.
you do not learn deviant behav from peers but are more likely to find deviant friends
issue of causality

Question 4

Freud

Answer 4

case studies for psychodynamic
little hans’ fear of horses was linked to the oedipus complex
he had an unconscious fear of his father
Hans resolved this conflict as he fantasised himself with a big penis and married to his mother
his allowed Hans to overcome his castration anxiety and identify with his father.

Question 5

Karl Popper

Answer 5

psychodynamic approach doesnt meet scientific criteria for falsification so is not open to empirical testing
accuses it of being a pseudoscience

Question 6

Fisher and Greenberg

Answer 6

reviewed studies and found evidence for some parts of psychodynamic eg the role of the unconscious and defence mechanisms
said that some parts should be accepted and other should be rejected

Question 7

Maslow

Answer 7

Hierarchy of needs- humans motivated beyond biological survival
physiological- safety-love and belonging- esteem- self actualisation

Question 8

Rogers

Answer 8

client centred therapy reducing gap between self and ideal self
therapist provided unconditional positive regard

Question 9

Watson

Answer 9

founded behaviourism and focused on how we are a product of our learning experiences and envrionment

Question 10

Pavlov

Answer 10

classical conditioning in dogs- association
bell-NS = no salivation
bell+food-UCS= salivation-UCR
bell- CS= salivation-CR

Question 11

Skinner

Answer 11

skinners box with rats and birds- learning as a result of consequences to behaviour
negative reinforcement- lever stops the shock
positive reinforcement- food when lever pressed

Question 12

pavlov

Answer 12

classical conditioning

trained dogs to salivate to sound of a bell by pairing/ associating the bell with giving them food

Question 13

skinner

Answer 13

skinners box- rats
positive reinforcement shown by pressing lever to get food
negative reinforcement- trained to avoid electric shock
punishment

Question 14

sperry

Answer 14

studied 11 patients who had corpus callosum severed-split brain
presented them with images to left and right VF to see how brain responded when the hemispheres couldnt interact

Question 15

dougherty

Answer 15

local function
44 people who had surgery to remove part of brain linked with ocd- cingulate gyrus
1/3 got better after surgery which supports local of function
but 2/3 didnt get better so may be another cos

Question 16

Peterson

Answer 16

local function
used brain scans to show that broca’s area was active during reading tasks
wernicke’s area was active during listening tasks

Question 17

Harasty

Answer 17

found individual differences- women have larger broca’s area than men showing localisation isn’t completely fixed
beta bias in studies as it minimises differences between men and women

Question 18

lashley

Answer 18

proposed equipotential theory where brain functions are distributed more holistically
rats were trained to complete a maze then had parts of brain removed and could complete in same amount of time

Question 19

dick and tremblay

Answer 19

found that only 2% of modern researchers think that language is completely controlled by wernicke and broca area due to advances in brain imaging techniques

Question 20

maguire

Answer 20

plasticity
studied london taxi drivers and found sig more grey matter in hippocampus compared to controls
positively correlated with time of being taxi driver
H associated with spatial and navigation skills

Question 21

draganski

Answer 21

studied brains of medical students before and after finals
learning induced changes occurred in parietal cortex and posterior hippocampus
compared to control group
areas involved in memory retrieval and learning

Question 22

EB (case study)

Answer 22

functional recovery
had almost whole of left hemisphere removed aged 2.5 
had substantial rehab for language 
tested at 17 + language was excellent 
shows right hemisphere had compensated

Question 23

phillips

Answer 23

found that daily homicide rates in US almost always increased in the week following a big boxing match
showing people imitate the violent behaviour

Question 24

phineas gage

Answer 24

had a pole go straight through his head due to a work accident
through frontal lobe (involved in personality)
before he was very hard working and reserved etc
after his personality completely changed
he couldn’t hold down a job, quick tempered, rude and became an aggressive drunk
(local)

Question 25

Donkers

Answer 25

conducted an MRI scan on Tan’s brain to try and confirm Broca’s findings, there was lesion on Broca’s area but found issues with other areas may have also contributed to the loss of speech production
-broca’s is not the only important part and may be due to damage of other areas
- may be due to how the brain communicates rather than the exact areas
(local)

Question 26

nielsen

Answer 26

studied 1000 brains and found evidence for lateralisation but not a particular dominant side ( eg “some people are left brained”)
lateralisation

Question 27

fink et al

Answer 27

used PET scans to identify areas active in visual processing tasks
when looking at global elements eg whole picture, the RH was more active
when focusing on finer details the LH was more active/ dominated
showing hemispheres process info differently and this is a feature of split and connected brains
(lateralisation)

Question 28

elbert

Answer 28

capacity of neural reorganisation is greater at a younger age and decreases with age, less effective in adults
may be why adults find change more demanding/ challenging
(individual differences in recovery from trauma)