Forenzi

Question 1

Eysenck

Answer 1

proposed that personality is based on genetics and certain personality types are more likely to be criminals
introvert extrovert continuum
neurotic stability continuum
psychotism
developed EPI where high E,P,N meant criminal personality

Question 2

Farrington et al (eyesenck)

Answer 2

conducted meta analysis on Eysenck study and found that offenders score highly on P but not on E and N

Question 3

Bartol et al

Answer 3

found that hispanic and African American criminals were less extraverted than non criminal groups
(cultural differences)

Question 4

Schonenberg & Justye

Answer 4

hostile attribution bias
found that when offenders were presented with emotionally ambiguous pictures and they were more likely to perceive the images as angry/hostile

Question 5

Barbaree

Answer 5

minimilisation

among 26 rapists, 54% denied committing a crime and 40% minimised the harm that they caused the victim

Question 6

Kohlberg

Answer 6

criminals have a lower level of moral reasoning
used moral dilemmas to find this out
at pre conventional stage which is concerned with avoiding punishment and gaining rewards

Question 7

Palmer & Hollin

Answer 7

compared 332 non offenders to 126 offenders on moral dilemmas and found that offender group were less mature moral reasoning

Question 8

Thornton & Reid

Answer 8

pre conventional moral reasoning tends to be associated with crimes such as robbery
offender thinks they are going to get away with it
links to pre conventional stage which is level of moral reasoning

Question 9

Gilligan

Answer 9

argued Kohlberg’s scenarios prioritise justice which is only one perspective on morality
women will score lower on the scenarios as they have a duty of care, think differently to men
more men than women in prisons

Question 10

Blackburn

Answer 10

types of superego lead to criminal behaviour
weak- lack of loving, same sex parent, selfish + uncaring
deviant- deviant father, son will imitate
overharsh- identifies with strict parent, guilt + need to be punished

Question 11

Bolwby

Answer 11

maternal deprivation
childhood experiences determined by interactions with parents lead to criminal behaviour
affectionless psychopathy- no affection for others and withdrawn and lacking relationships

Question 12

Lewis

Answer 12

analysed data from 500 interviews with young people and found no link between maternal deprivation and offending
maternal deprivation is a poor predictor for future behaviour

Question 13

Goreta

Answer 13

conducted analysis on 10 offenders and found disturbances in superego of all of them- experiencing unconscious feelings of guilt and need for punishment

Question 14

FBI profiling

Answer 14

top down
qualitative approach which looks to whole picture then uses typologies to find offender
developed through interviews with 36 sexually motivated serial killers

Question 15

Meteka

Answer 15

when applied to burglary cases, top down approach led to an 85% increase in solved cases

Question 16

Canter- typologies

Answer 16

analysed data from 100 murder cases using smallest space analysis
found that there is a distinct subset of features that match the organised typology
has validity/ research support
however doesn’t support disorganised type

Question 17

Godwin

Answer 17

argued that the two typologies are not mutually exclusive and that many offenders and crime scenes fit into both typologies so it might be more of a continuum

Question 18

Canter

Answer 18

circle theory of geographical profiling

spatial pattern of behaviour provides centre of gravity where the offender’s home base usually is

Question 19

Heritage & Canter

Answer 19

support for investigative psychology
conducted analysis on 66 SA cases using small space analysis and found that criminals had patterns of behaviour which could be used to see if two or more crimes were linked

Question 20

Lundrigan & Canter

Answer 20

collected data from 120 murder cases
small space analysis revealed spatial consistency of the offender and body disposal sites
created a centre of gravity- offender’s home base in the middle

Question 21

Copson

Answer 21

found that out of 48 police departments, info from bottom up profiling was helpful 83% of the time but led to correct identification of offender in only 3% of cases

Question 22

Sutherland

Answer 22

differential association theory
criminal behaviour is learnt, happens through interactions with others
pro crime attitude> anti crime attitude

Question 23

Farrington

Answer 23

focused on 411 boys aged between 8-9 in south London
at aged 48 40% had committed a crime
7% were chronic offenders who had experienced
-delinquent sibling
-convicted parent
-large, disrupted family

Question 24

Lombroso

Answer 24

criminals were a primitive species who were biologically different to non criminals
at early stage of evolution
had physiological markers (atavistic characteristics) eg asymtetrical face, low eyebrows, large/small ears

Question 25

Christiansen

Answer 25

studied 3500 twin pairs in Denmark and found concordance rates for offending behaviour at 35% for mz twins and 13% for dz twins

Question 26

Tihonen et al

Answer 26

genetic analysis of 800 Finnish offenders
two genes (MAOA + CDH13) associated with violent crimes
candidate genes

Question 27

Raine

Answer 27

studies of brains of people with antisocial personality disorder + found reduced activity in prefrontal cortex ( part of brain that regulates emotional behaviour)
reduced amount of grey matter in APD group compared to controls ( 11% less)