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Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Milgram (1963)

A

tested obedience- had to shock ps if they got an answer wrong
65% shocked up to 450 V
100% shocked up to 300V

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2
Q

Bickman

A

power of uniforms

asking people to pick up a bag either dressed as guard (80% obedience) milk man (40% obedience) civilian (40%)

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3
Q

Hofling et al

A

nurses in hospital obeying unknown doctor and giving a patient a drug exceeding the suggested dose
not supposed to accept orders over the phone
compared to control group who were given questionairre on what they’d do
21/22 obeyed- don’t question authority
ecological validity
reliability as easily repeated
nurses could have worked out it was fake
ethics

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4
Q

Sheridan + King

A

gave shocks to puppies
54% of males gave fatal shock
100% of females delivered a fatal shock

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5
Q

Asch (1951) *

A

line study
75% conformed at least once
NSI+ ISI

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6
Q

Perin + Spencer *

A

repeated Asch with engineering students and found lower levels of conformity

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7
Q

Lucas et al *

A

maths questions and found lower ability students conformed more
supports ISI

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8
Q

Zimbardo (1971) *

A

prison study

people readily conformed to social roles

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9
Q

McDermott- zim *

A

ps behaved as if the prison was real so good ecological validity as 90% of conversations were about prison

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10
Q

Rotter

A

idea of locus of control
sense we have about what directs events in our lives and how much control we have over our behaviour
internal (resist pressure to obey + direct their own lives) or external (things that happen are outside of their control)

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11
Q

Holland

A

repeated Milgram and measured whether ps were internal or external LOC
37% of internals didn’t continue to highest level
23% externals didn’t continue to full shock
supports LOC

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12
Q

Twenge et al

A

(meta analysis) found that people have become more resistant to obedience but more external in LOC
doesnt support LOC

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13
Q

Gamson et al

A

(social support) asked ps to run a smear campaign against an oil company
29/33 groups rebelled due to peer support, were in groups so could discuss

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14
Q

Adorno et al

A 
developed F scale to measure authoritarian personality
using 2000 middle class white males
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15
Q

Milgram and Elms

A

interviewed 20 people who went to full shocks in Milgram and 20 who didnt go full shock
did multiple personality tests including F scale and found high levels on F scale on full shock group + they admired the experimenter = authoritarian personality
(blind obedience to authority)
compared to people who didnt give full shocks supports Adorno
correlation not causation

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16
Q

Christie and Jahoda

A

argued F scale was politically biased as it only measures right wing ideology (heirarchy, obedience)
some extreme left and right wing ideologies have a lot in common
doesn’t account for whole political spectrum

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17
Q

Moscovicci

A

minority influence and importance of consistency
blue green slides
2 confeds saying blue whole time -consistent= 8%
2 confeds saying blue 12 times green 24 times- non= 1.25%

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18
Q

Nemeth

A

importance of flexibility in minority influence
compensation to ski lift victims
1 group minority argued for low compensation and were inflexible
1 group minority argued same but were flexible
in 1 minority had little effect compared to 2nd group where majority was more likely to compromise

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19
Q

Nolan et al *

A

energy use on a street (signs on people’s doors)
one sign said other people in the neighbourhood were reducing their consumption and other sign didn’t
bigger reduction in 1st sign condition

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20
Q

Baddeley

A

coding in STM + LTM
acoustically similar and dissimilar words
semantically similar and dissimilar words
STM- acoustically
LTM- semantically

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21
Q

Miller

A

capacity of STM = 7±2

made observations of everyday practices- around 7 eg days of the week, music scale

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22
Q

Peterson and Peterson

A

duration of STM= 18 seconds
presented a trigram and ps had to remember it whilst counting back in 3s from a certain number
each trial lasted longer time eg 3s,6s,9s,12s,15s,18s

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23
Q

Bahrick et al

A 
duration of LTM= possibly infinite
392 ps aged 17-74 tested on photo recognition (1) of people in yearbook or free recall (2) of people in class
within 15 years- 1= 90% accurate     2=60% accurate
after 48 years- 1=70% accurate        2=30%
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24
Q

Atkinson and Shriffin

A

multi store model of memory

consists of sensory store STM and LTM

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25
Q

HM (case study)

A

had hippocampus removed in surgery
STM was same but couldn’t form new long term memories
shows evidence for separate stores (MSM)
episodic was impaired but semantic and procedural were both okay
eg he could not recall stroking a dog 30 mins prior but he still understood the concept of a dog

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26
Q

KF (case study)- Shallice and Warrington

A

had brain damage due to accident
couldn’t remember words in STM when read to him but could when he read them
poor audiotory but could process visual information normally
showing STM processed different types in different ways
doesnt support MSM

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27
Q

Tulving

A

different types of LTM
episodic- personal events from our lives
procedural- how to do things eg driving a car
semantic- knowledge of the world and general concepts eg love/animals

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28
Q

Clive Wearing

A 
parts of LTM were normal and some were impaired
episodic was impaired
semantic was fine
procedural was fine
supports multiple LTM stores
he could still read music and play piano
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29
Q

Baddeley and Hitch

A

working memory model

consists of central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

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30
Q

KF

A

couldnt remember words read to him (phonological)

could remember words he read (VSS)

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31
Q

Dual task exp

A

more similar tasks are harder as they use the same parts of the brain/ memory and they have limited capacity

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32
Q

Underwood and Postman *

A 
retroactive interference
1st group asked to learn 2 lists of words (1 list of word pairs and 1 list unrelated)
eg cat-tree then cat-glass
2nd group asked to learn 1st list ()
both groups had to recall first list
2nd group was better
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33
Q

Baddeley and Hitch *

A

asked rugby players to recall the teams they had played
players who missed more games could remember more as they had less interference
retroactive interference

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34
Q

Godden and Baddeley *

A

context dependant forgetting
divers learnt words on land or in sea and recalled in matched or opposite context
higher recall when context was same for learn + recall

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35
Q

Carter and Cassidy *

A

state dependant forgetting
learning on anti histamine drug and recall in matched or opposite state
higher recall when state was same for learn + recall

36
Q

Loftus and Palmer *

A

effects of leading questions of EWT
showed ps clips of car crashes and asked how fast they were going using different words (smashed (40mph) /hit(38mph) )
came back and asked if they saw broken glass (none)
32% said yes in smashed compared to 14% in hit

37
Q

Gabbert et al *

A

effect of post event discussion on EWT
ps watched video of crime from different angles and discussed it after
71% recalled events they didn’t actually see

38
Q

Skagerburg and Wright *

A

suggested memory isn’t distorted in PED but memory conformity occurs

39
Q

Johnson and Scott *

A

weapon focus effect (anxiety)
pen- face recall 49% accurate
kinfe- face recall 39% accurate
anxiety had negative effect

40
Q

Yuille and Cutshall *

A

real life exp interviewing witnesses of store robbery and shooting 4-5 month after initial incident
highest levels of stress recorded gave most accurate EWT
anxiety had a positive effect as fight of flight was triggered which increased alertness

41
Q

Geiselmen and Fisher

A

developed cognitive interview to improve EWT

recall everything, reverse order, reinstate context, change perspective

42
Q

Fisher et al

A

developed enhanced CI which focused on social dynamics of the interaction
when to make eye contact, how to reduce eyewitness anxiety
evidence from Köhnken that ECI leads to an increase in inaccurate info/incorrect details

43
Q

Kohnken et al

A

meta analysis of s 55 studies comparing cognitive interview to standard police interview and found 41% increase in correct info
61% increase in inaccurate info, especially when enhanced cog interview was used so should be used carefully

44
Q

Meltzoff and Moore *

A

caregiver- infant interactions
controlled observation
adult displayed facial expressions and child had dummy in but was taken out and baby copied- association

45
Q

Grossman *

A

role of father
found that quality of mother child attachment was more important in attachment quality in adolescence
father is more of a play stimulating role

46
Q

Schafer and Emerson *

A

stages of attachment - AIDM
babies in working class families in Glasgow
natural environment as was a overt observation

47
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

strange situation assessing attachment types
controlled observation
70% secure- i trust you
15% insecure avoidant - i dont care
15% insecure resistant - i dont trust you

48
Q

Bowlby (1)

A

monotropic theory of attachment (evolutionary)
innate tendency to form attachments
A- adaptive
S- social releasers
C- critical period- 3-6 months
M- monotropy
I- internal working model
if attachment is formed in critical period then child will suffer emotional, physical and intellectual deficits
can form attachments up to 3 years old but not as strong

49
Q

Bowlby (2)

A 
maternal deprivation- mothering is useless if delayed after 2.5 years
44 thieves (44 control)- affection-less psychopathy 
14/44 had AP
12/14 with AP had prolonged separation from mother in first 2 years of lives
AP- don't feel guilt/ remorse , withdrawn, uncaring +linked with criminality
50
Q

Lewis

A

replicated 44 thieves with a bigger sample size of 500 and found no such link
other factors than MD that cause issues later on in life

51
Q

Bowlby (3)

A

influence of early attachment on later relationships
internal working model works as a template for assumption about later relationships
determinist

52
Q

Hazen and Shaver

A

love quiz of nearly 100 questions in local newspaper
tested attachment types with parents and their views on love and relationships
people can lie on questionnaires
info is retrospective so may not remember correctly
not everyone had an equal chance to participate

53
Q

Van Izjendoorn + Kroonenburg

A 
cultural variations of attachment types
meta analysis of strange situation 
32 studies, 8 countries, 2000 children 
found more variation within cultures than between
highest secure in GB lowest in china
IA highest in west Germany
IR highest in Israel and Japan
54
Q

Lorenz

A 
geese imprinting (attach to first moving object seen)
critical period of 4-25 hrs
shows attachment is innate and is done for survival
55
Q

Guiton

A

found that chickens imprint on a yellow washing up glove and try to mate with it

56
Q

Harlow

A

contact comfort mother vs feeding mother (4 conditions)
groups of monkeys spent more time with CC and monkeys with wire mother had diarrhoea
monkeys in exp were timid, couldn’t mate, killed offspring

57
Q

Howe

A

practical applications for Harlow using the knowledge to help social workers understand the risk of neglect

58
Q

Rutter et al

A

romanian orphanages
compared 154 RO children to 54 adopted british children if they were adopted after 6 months they showed deficits in social, mental and physical development
Lower IQ the later they were adopted
showed disinhibited attachment- not one strong one
Compared to secure attachment in British
disinhibited is an adaptation of living in RO as they would have had multiple carers but wouldn’t have actually formed a strong attachment with any of them

59
Q

Zeenah

A

used strange situation on institutionalised children
136 romanian orphanages aged 12-31 months old, spent 90% lives in institutions
45% disorganised and 19% secure in RO group
compared to 74% secure and >20% disorg in control group

60
Q

Dollard and Miller

A

learning theory of attachment- operant conditioning
caregiver feeds child which reduces unpleasant feeling- positive reinforcement
child stops crying- negative reinforcement-

hunger= primary drive food= primary reinforcer
caregiver= secondary reinforcement 
attachment= secondary drive
61
Q

Schafer and Emerson

A

found infants formed attachments to their mothers even if they are fed by other carers - contradictory

62
Q

Aubrey Lewis

A

37% of patients with OCD had parents with it and 21% had siblings with it
genetic vulnerability

63
Q

Taylor

A

found evidence that there may be as many as 230 genes that are involved in the development of OCD
polygenic

64
Q

Nestadt

A

in OCD found concordance rates of 68% in MZ twins and 31% in DZ twins and MZ share identical genes
still is effect of environment
MZ share more similar environment so may be why the CR is higher

65
Q

Cromer

A

over 50% of patients with OCD had suffered a traumatic event so may be due to this rather than genes

66
Q

Hu

A

found lower levels of serotonin in OCD patients than controls
may be from OCD rather than a cause of it
may be from accompanying depression ( comorbidity)

67
Q

Saxena

A

reviewed brain scan studies and found links between higher activity levels in patients with OCD

68
Q

Soomro

A

reviewed 17 studies which compared SSRIs to placebos and found that SSRIs are 70% more effective in reducing symptoms
other 30% did were helped by a combination of drugs and psychological treatments

69
Q

Griest

A

compared effectiveness of ERP- emotional and ritual prevention to drug therapy and found that ERP was as effective as drugs
no need for drugs (which have side effects) if treatments are available, deals with root of the illness
some people can’t face therapy

70
Q

bailey

A

found that majority of women had the same attachment type to their child as they did to their own mother

71
Q

hartup

A

in nursery securely attached children are more popular and engaged in more social interactions compared to resistant who relied on teachers for interaction and emotional support

72
Q

quinton

A

compared 50 women who had been brought up in institutions to women who had been bought up in normal homes
ex institutionalised had extreme difficulties acting as parents
similar to harlow monkeys

73
Q

mowrer

A

two process model where phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning

74
Q

mowrer

A

created a phobia in rats by pairing a buzzer with electric shock and fear response was recorded from just the buzzer
he also taught rats how to escape the electric shock and they did this every time the buzzer went showing negative reinforcement

75
Q

watson and rayner

A

created phobia in little albert
by pairing loud noise with white rabbit
supports two process model of classical conditioning

76
Q

menzies and clarke

A

only 2% of people with a fear of water had actually had a traumatic experience with water

77
Q

dinardo

A

in control group, 50% of healthy, non phobic individuals had a traumatic experience with a dog
(but not got a phobia which shows there may be other factors)

78
Q

seligman

A

argued that we have an innate biological preparedness which predisposes us to have certain phobias to increase survival- passed down from ancestors
eg fear of lions/tigers
supported by the fact that many people have phobias for things that they never really encounter eg snakes

79
Q

jacobs

A

capacity of stm
digit span- ps given 4 digits in order then asked to recall in order and number of digits given increases until they cant answer anymore
mean digits= 9.3 mean letters= 7.3

80
Q

wolpe

A

flooding
drove a woman who had a phobia of cars around for 4 hours and anxiety decreased
rapidly removed fear responses which got rid of phobia

81
Q

rothbaum

A

90% of people who had a fear of flying would flew after SD showing evidence for effectiveness

82
Q

gilroy

A

studied 45 arachnaphobics who had SD and after 3 and 33 months, their fear response was lower than a control group who were only given relaxation techniques

83
Q

orne and holland

A

milgram ps guessed the experiment was fake and went along with it due to demand characteristics/ wanting to please the experimenter
tapes showed that only 50% of ps believed shocks were real

84
Q

french documentary

A 
similar to milgram
paid ps thought they were on game show 
had to deliver shocks to other ps (actors) ordered by presenter, in front of a live audience 
80% went to full shock level 
shows milgram wasn't a one off
85
Q

Albrecht

A

found that on a programme to help pregnant teens resist pressure to smoke, teens who had a buddy were sig less likely to smoke compared to those without a buddy (RWA)

86
Q

simonella

A

studied 76 children aged 12 months using strange situation in italy
found- 50% secure and 36% insecure avoidant
lower secure and higher IA than in any other studies
may be due to more mothers using professional childcare

87
Q

Holliday

A

studied the cognitive interview with children
especially intellectually disabled children
perspective taking question is too hard as they may have theory of mind deficits which doesn’t allow this to occur
changes have been made such as warm up questions and asking about familiar situations

Psychology (16 decks)

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