Stuarts - Chapter 7: Divisions over religion (Arminianism, Laudianism, Puritanism) Flashcards
What were most of PN?
Conservative Calvinists
What is Jacobethan balance?
Tolerance for moderate Arminians & Puritans so it cancels out
Who did Charles promote in 1633?
Laud promoted to Archbishop of Canterbury
What were 2 features of Laudianism?
- rejection of predestination
- less emphasis on bible & more on ceremony
By 1640, how did Protestants feel about Charles?
Most Protestants were united against Charles due to him siding with Laudianism
What did Charles siding with Laudianism do and how did Puritans respond?
It broke the Jacobethan balance
Puritans were outraged as they opposed Laud’s religious changes
What were the main changes brought in by Laudianism?
- communion table moved to east wall
- more emphasis on ceremony
- decoration
- more music in services
- vestments
- removal of gentry’s ornamental pews
How did Puritans feel about Laudian changes?
Changes were seen as idolatry, most upset by communion table policy as Charles gave no real justification
What is the altar policy?
Communion table against east wall of church ( where Catholic altar had been)
What changed about church ceremony?
services on catechism, prayer book had list of statements to recite
these were there as Charles and Laud thought it gave order
Puritans thought it was moving away from the bible
What was the campaign against unlicensed preaching?
Limited preaching to Sunday to control Puritans
(1633) Preaching limited more due to legal attack on Feoffes for impropiations
What was in the (1633) reissue of the Book of Sports?
outlined sports/activities after compulsory Sunday service
What did Puritans see as evidence for a Catholic conspiracy?
many Catholics in court that had had access to Charles that were thought to be influencing him
What was passed in 1640 to codify Laud’s measures?
‘canon laws’ passed
They cause major Puritan backlash in England and Scotland that caused the collapse of Charles’ and Laud’s authority
Why was Charles not very popular in Scotland?
He was an absentee King so his policies alienated Scottish elite
Most of Scotland was Presbyterian so Charles’ imposition of Laudianism angered many
didn’t return to Scotland till 1633 which was a clear sign to Scots of his priorities
What was the Act of Revocation (1625)?
Charles exploited feudal right to take land from Scottish elite, this lead to landowners uniting against Charles
What was the Article of Perth (1625)?
Further instructions for kneeling at communion
What were the new canons imposed on Scotland (1636)? How were they interpreted?
- altar at east wall
- ministers wear surplice at communion
- improvised prayer banned
Seen as a return to Catholicism
What was introduced to Scotland (1637)?
New prayer book leaning towards Catholicism
What is Millenarianism?
belief in Protestantism that there will an end to the world
What was St. Gregory’s Case (1633)?
At St. Gregory’s Church (London) the communion table moved to east end which meant the family pews needed to be moved, the Parishioners challenged this as they thought it was offensive
There was a lavish covering, this also upset the Puritans as it resembled Catholicism
Charles brought Parishioners before Privy Council as a test case
What did John Williams do (1637)?
He published ‘The Holy Table, Name & Thing’, where he criticised the altar policy
Because of this Bishop John Williams was imprisoned
Why were Prynne, Burton and Bastwick punished (1637)? How were they punished?
Prynne was brought before the courts in 1633 for a controversial pamphlet ‘Histrio-mastix’
Prynne, Burton & Bastwick criticised the church’s new policies so were brought before the Court of Star Chamber (English court of law) - they were found guilty of criticising Laud’s measures, so were fined £5000 and imprisoned for life
Why did people sympathise with Prynne, Burton and Bastwick’s punishment?
People sympathised for them as they were professionals (eg. lawyer) rather than because they agreed with their criticisms
What did John Lilburne do (1638)? How was he punished?
John helped distribute Bastwick’s works, as he was a Puritan who opposed Laudianism
In Feb 1638, he was found guilty by the Star Chamber for printing unlicensed literature - he was fined then whipped and pilloried, the punishment was brutal and after he was sent to prison
