stuarts 4- glorious revolution Flashcards
print in lead to glorious rev
halifax
brunet
fagal
libels
halifac- print gr lead
Letter to a Dissenter, August 1687. 20k copies, argues for the importance of Anglican-Dissenter solidarity in opposition to Catholicism.
burnet leads gr print
Ill Effects of Animosities between Protestants in England. Written while he was at the Hague on William’s invitation, thus should be seen as an early piece of Orangist propaganda. Argues C2 and J2 intentionally dividing A and D to perpetuate pseudo-Catholic hegemony.
fagel - print leading gr
Letter. Grand Pensionary of Holland and trusted political ally of WOO. 45k copies, outlining WOO religious policy: toleration of private worship for all, but Catholics barred from officeholding. (this is more tolerant than Toleration Act).
during- gr print
- Song ‘Lilliburlero’ saps further morale from James’ troops by implying they are fighting for the Irish against the English.
print - post gr
- Tony Clayton: propaganda presenting William as an idealised religious reformer is important in creating a connection between him and the English people which transcends their national difference.
causes gr
j2 and third crisis
the heir
woo and dutch factor
from below
j2 third crisis
declaration of indulgence 1688
tyranny
attempts regain ground
j2 declaration of indulgence
- April 1688 Declaration of indulgence
- Pushes the Dissenters and the Anglicans together
- Even a moderate like John Evelyn was, from this point, prepared to countenance revolution and even anticipate it optimistically.
- 30/6/1688
James II begins to promote Catholicism openly, issuing declarations of indulgence to grant Catholics and Protestant dissenters exemptions from penal laws. He also grants positions in government and the military to Catholics, further alienating Protestant factions.
js tyranny conserquences- gr cause
- Pushes the Tories into conceiving real resistance theories.
- Gives William a legitimate excuse for the invasion, see his Declaration.
j2- attempt regain ground - causes gr
attempts to regain ground, and the weighty concessions offered, suggest he misjudged the level of ire his policies would cause.
- 21/9: proclamation assuring the safety of the COE and that Catholics would continue to be barred from officeholding.
- 28/9: restoration of the Bishop of London, Magdalen fellows, London Charter, dispensary power to be put to Parliament.
- therefore, misjudged?
heir- cause
- 1/6/1688, marks an end to the ‘wait and see’ policies of men like Halifax
- Changes James’ behaviour
threat of protestant heir now .
woo dutch factor
- Could never be decisive.
- WOO half the size army
- Exhausted from journey
- Whole country against them
- The crucial event of the war was that James threw in the towel so quickly.
from bellow- cause of gr
- This debate rages between the likes of Pincus and Harris versus Black and Israel.
- £200k raised by London merchants for William’s cause in just 6 weeks July-August 1688.
- Naval mutiny
- 12k flood to William in the first three weeks of November to the extent that he has to send huge numbers home!
resistance doi
- mass resistance, just 200 of 9000 churches read it
- from both Anglicans and Dissenters
- the arrested seven bishops (1662, 1672) were visited by ten dissenters and received letters of support from the Presbyterians in Scotland.
chronology gr
jan/feb 1688 pregnancy announced
apr 1688 doi
June 1688 baby born
June 1688 invitation William of orange
nov 1688 William invasion
dec 1688- James flees
jan 1689 declaration of rights
feb 1689 William and Mary crowned
1689 bill of rights
invitation to invade
June 1688 - Invitation to William of Orange:
Fearing a Catholic dynasty, a group of Protestant nobles (the Immortal Seven) invites William of Orange, the Protestant husband of Mary II (James II’s daughter), to intervene. They express concern about James’s policies and the future of Protestantism in England.
invasion 1688 nov
In November 1688, William of Orange landed in Torbay, England, with an army of about 15,000 men. His invasion was well-coordinated, and he had the support of many influential figures in England, including military commanders and some of James II’s own officers, Anne James daughter
The English people, many of whom were unhappy with James’s rule, largely remained passive, and the invasion was effectively bloodless.
banners
rising absolutism Charles ii
increase civil serve v, small personal army sacrificing parliamentary sov
James absolutism - parliament
reduce freedom of speech in parliament
independence of elections
regularity f. its sittings
bolster catholic c
ambitions of repealing test acts and penal laws
critic of James and sabsolutism
tapsell- gallican Catholic sbsolutid- emulate sucessful Louis xiv- destroying ancient constitution
catholic concessions in irland- James
tyrconnel capitulated to- more catholics in Irish army
- increasing number of catholic soldiers from 800 to 5k between end of 1685 and sep 1686
James ii modified land settlement enable catholics recover part of their estates, embellishing narrative that James ii was a ruler not interested in true pro values
broader catholic context fears rising
lousy xiv 1685- revoked edict nantes- rexpell fr huguenot protestants thus refugees to London and Amsterdam telling tales Catholic persecution
James catholic sympathiser n eng
- 1687 James implemented through newly ecclesiastical commission - resistance magdalen college Oxford- dons stripped fellowship
banners on William boat
den briel
‘for liberty and the protestant religion
declaration of right
detailed how James and evil counsellors threatened eng constitution by attempting to overthrow eng legally enshrined liberties and pro
thus under oranges control William could guarantee free parliament
declaration of rights destination
orangists sending copies of declaration over channel lay support
608k copies
further aided by printing press iwllina bought over his inf=vasion
why did gr happen
James absolutism- invitation and lack of opportunity- exacerbated by catholicism
propgands- declaration
personally protect dutch- francophobia
some popular involvement maybe
scottish attitudes James
convention of estates justifying removal of James- forfeited ‘his right to the scottish throne’ through his ‘illegal actions as king’
woo and religion
intervention driven by ‘divine plan to restore religion
woo protect from dutch
- fr invasion 1672
- secret treaty of dover 1670- anglo French alliance against dutch
fr invasion 1672
lasting trauma for the dutch
exposing dutch vulnerability from master of all christendom
why fr invasion 1672 esp bad
disaster yea r
William proclaimed stadholder of holland and Zealand during 1672 crisis
1680s dutch franocphobia exacerbated
Franco-dutch trade wares
triggered by lousy xiv jealousy towards growing dutch Econ sucess
dutch Econ booming
proliferation grade species textiles delftware fr
Dutch merchant fleet gained dominance transporting fr wine brandy salt exports
1685 expulsion Huguenots saw skills cash enter holland- ‘depressing fr textile paper and canvas industry
response dutch Econ doing well
lousy tariffs dutch textiles and fish produce 1687
general arrest on all dutch ships in fr ports
contemporary 300 dutch ships siezed
‘the dutch believe a war w fr unavoidable
William intervention into ireland
desire eliminate threat of fr
sec williaimite invasion of Ireland - first one in 1689 failure
fr backed James ii provided him 7k infantry
ireland location proxuy war
dutch backing
21k men, 5k horses 600 vessels- 4x spanish armada
sent from united provinces, best respective troops- demonstrating collective understanding of new to present themselves strong
Amsterdam backed financially - as financial sector bg
Scotland diff for gr William
- Jacobitism
- Summer 1689 under Viscount Dundee, offensive.
- Only put down conclusively in May 1690.
- Therefore, at the April 1690 parliament William was in a conciliatory mood.
- Revocation of the Royal Supremacy.
- Presbyterian government established on the model of the 1592 Golden Acts
- BUT, nothing on covenants or on divine ordination.
ireland opp to william
- December 1688, Tyrconnell mobilises Irish Catholics and by March 1689 they have control of almost the whole island except for Ulster. James arrives in March on Louis XIV’s bidding.
- May 1689 parliament is a fiasco and an embarrassment.
- 6/224 are Protestants.
- Try to revoke Poynings’ Law, vetoed by James.
- Act of Attainder labelling 2k Protestants treasonous.
- Attempt to reopen the land question
- WOO eventually intervenes and crushes it, with the LT consequence being the Protestant Ascendancy.
historiography gr - limited rev
- Tim Harris
- “Hard to agree that the revolution settlement created a new type of monarchy”
- Again, infl of Tories.
John Morrill, ‘The Sensible Revolution’
* Morrill: “a centrist compromise and constitutional blur”
* Had dominance from the 1950s.
* Tory influence.
historiography gr- was rev
Johnathan Scott, 17C “unity”
* Parliament, Party, Foreign lens, Pre-History of the military-fiscal state.
- Robert Beddard, ‘The Unexpected Whig Revolution’
- Belated victory for exclusion.
- Schwoerer on DOR.
- Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries
- Revolutionary impact, decisively putting the King below the law and providing clarity on the matter.
- Revolution caused by James losing the goodwill which supressed the Monmouth Rebellion.
pinks
pincus- gr
- first modern rev
not exclusively religious
rev of landed v mercantile values
rev opp b
popular and bloody
pincus- religion
- Not an exclusively religious revolution
- James was a Catholic in 1685
- No hard and fast divisions between C and P. Lutheran king of Sweden more concerned about Calvinists than Catholics.
- Catholic modernisation.
rev landed v percentile values
The result is the solidification of self-conscious and confident bourgeois values.
- Bank of England in 1694; dissolution of the Land Bank in 1696.
- Politeness culture
- Buckinghamshire Verneys
- Commercial policies
rev- opp b pincus
revolution in opposition to the extending tendrils of James’ bureaucratic apparatus which sought to replace parochial JPs with technical experts of known ideological standing.
impact of gr
- How do you call something with such long roots revolutionary?
- Indeed, the ideas had been floated around for more than a century.
- Our perspective, in part due to the ambiguities of the settlement itself, will always be informed by our own political stance and also the temporal lens we use.
- change of monarch
dor
hearth tax
toleration act
parliament
wider change
finances
religion
crown political power
gr- change of monarch
- Often underestimated. At the start of December 1688, few were truly prepared to overthrow the monarch.
- Harris on the justification
- 1) King had “withdrawn himself”
- 2) King had broken the “Original Contract”
- Thus, sets up a precedent in which one can be unkinged.
- Suggests William and Mary didn’t need to swear to the DOR because their very accession presupposed the fact they had accepted this.
dor- gr impact
- Radical in itself, declared by an assembly which has called itself. 23/2/1689.
- W&M, no formal oath, did they need to though??
- 1) Suspensory power. (king does not have this, but that’s not controversial).
- 2) Dispensary power. (more controversial, [Godden v Hales], settled that the way it had been used under C2 and J2 was illegal).
- Militia: only can be called with the consent of parliament, a change from the Militia Acts of 1661/62.
- 13) Parliament meet regularly. (rubbish clause, does not even specify the three years of the Triennial Act).
hearth tax
- Abolished in gesture of goodwill from WOO.
coronation oath changed
- From “laws and customs to them granted by the Kings of England”
- To “according to the statutes in parliament agreed on”
toleration act -gr
- Freedom of worship for dissenters who assent to oath of allegiance.
- Licensed meeting places and teachers. YET, still second class citizens.
- Not the same for Catholics, Jews, Atheists or nontrinitarians.
- Catholics subject to civil disabilities; paying double on the 1690s Land Tax; war against Catholic France exacerbated hostilities.
crown poverty- gr
- £2m to £960k.
- National debt needs servicing in parliament.
- Thus, parliament institutionalised and has met every year since.
new tax sustem- gr
- Land, excise, customs; massive mobilisation of national resources: most revenue per capita outside of the Netherlands.
crown political power- gr impact
- The crown can still dictate domestic and foreign policy, choose its ministers, veto legislation and decide on the calling and duration of parliament.
- Clarity.
- Dispensations, Militia.
- Triennial Act 1694 vetoed by the crown 2x before past: not going down without a fight.
- 1696 Treason Act.
act of settlement - gr impact
- Exclude Catholics from the succession.
- Response to the events of WOO reign.
- foreign monarch cannot declare war without the consent of parliament (his secret dealings).
- Matters of national consequence must be discussed in the Privy Council.
- No pensionaries of the crown in the HOC.
parliament impact gr
- Militia
- Taxation/Revenue every year
- Comes of age as a lawmaking body
- 26 statues per session in 1660-89
- 64 in 89-14
wider change gr
- rage of party
- rise cabinet gov
decline of court and increase politics with parliament
reduce secularisation argument
gr rage of party
party is an ‘imagined community’
- 1688 partisan legacy
- 1688’s legacy a partisan legacy! – the conduct of the wars.
- Charities.
- Institutionalised party alignments, voting records suggesting 63% adherence
- Defoe (1715) Castration of Whig and Tory, Billingsgate Rhetoric.
refute secularisation argument -wider change gr
Clark “confessional politics”
- Parties confessionally divided
- Jacobitism and High-Church Anglicanism become distinct identities of social protest.
pincus - rev argument
requirement for rev
popular support seen
invitation by mortal seven- presented themselves rep as people
earl of Devonshire 500 people- support williamite
financial aid- booth by justicecandall over 100 each
pincus immortal seven
rep of people
June 1688- ‘the people are so generally dissatisfied with James ii due to his erosion of ‘their religion liberties and poverties
although pincus could be right
Tim Harris- popular support
- opp absolutism and catholic leaning
thus William saw support from port clergy, Londoners, James own military officers
immortal seven joined by country elites
propaganda influence
some trade guilds backed William fear of eons instability- London weavers company
pincus less compelling
tapsell
examples financial aid- gleaned fragments of books nov and dec 1688- small time frame, few examples
aristocratic coup death either mass petition- invitation of seven not mass petition- trevelyan
clifton- whilst in spirit masses support in reality did not play ‘any part in planning or executing it’
