stuarts 1- civil war

Question 1

whig interpretation civil war

Answer 1

part of a wider conflict over religion and politics.
Gardiner, Macaulay, Neale, Notestein and Trevelyan.
Neale emphasis on democracy,
Notestein sees it as a key episode in the progress from medieval authoritarianism relying on religious persecution to liberal, constitutional and parliamentary monarchy.

Question 2

marxist interpretation civil war

Answer 2

rise of a capitalism and a bourgeois class. More likely to rescribe it as the ‘English Revolution’ and describe its effect on social relations. Tawney and Hill. More recently, Nora Carlin and Brian Manning. – to a degree Lawrence Stone.

Question 3

civil war- hist Charles fault

Answer 3

Within a European context Blanning focused on the importance of the monarch in the fall of the ancien regime. Fletcher argued the war was blundered into but has a particular emphasis on Charles’ mistakes.

Question 4

revisionists- civil war

Answer 4

• largely accidental civil war
  Chance, missed opportunities, and unforeseen events multiplied the interconnectedness of these contingencies. Key revisionists include, Lawrence Stone, Kevin Sharpe, Conrad Russell, Barry Coward, Nicholas Tyacke, Mark Kishlansky, John Morrill, Gerald Aylmer, Clive Holmes, Derek Hirst, Anthony Fletcher, Perez Zagorin, Ivan Roots and Robert Ashton.

Question 5

post revisionism civil ar

Answer 5

There were, they claim, two great structural problems affecting the mid 17th century Stuart state, whose origins stretch back to the Tudors, if not earlier. :- Problem of multiple kingdoms
-problem of religious heterodoxy.
-created problems which the King was too incompetent to handle.
Anne Hughes, Richard Cust, Johann Sommerville, John Adamson, Michael Braddick, Ronald Hutton, Conrad Russell, Austin Woorych and David Smith. Also Tim Harris.

Question 6

long term causes of civil war

Answer 6

composite monarchy
Elizabeth I
assertive parliament s
financial weakness of crown
issues reformation era

Question 7

issues reformation era - civil war lt

Answer 7

somerville
Peter lake
Religious compromise: Covenanter Samuel Rutherford: “conjectural, fluctuating beliefs” “leaving room to believe the oppositte tomorrow.”
- Inherent ambiguities over ‘King in Parliament’ – it worked in the 1530s when there wishes were synonymous but was not designed for a climate in which they might be inimical.

Question 8

reformation- civil war- Somerville

Answer 8

: 1603, about the locus of sovereignty

Question 9

issues reformation era - civil war - lake

Answer 9

Reformation but neglects the most salient issues.

Question 10

composite monarchy- lt civil wr

Answer 10

James unrealistic
religion
ireland

Question 11

composite monarcy- lt - james unrealistic

Answer 11

• 1604 Commission of the Scottish Synod questions “how is there to be unit between the kirks unless one gives place to the other?”
• In light of this James’ discussion of a ‘conquest of love’ was deeply irresponsible.
• Logistical problems should be considered: James and the Five Articles of Perth had already showed the limitiations of ‘governing by pen’ and Ireland under Sidney and Skeffington the power of self-interested messengers.

Question 12

composite monarchy- lt - religion

Answer 12

• Galloway: questions of religious uniformity had “offensive implications of inequality” between the two nations.
• The Scots, for example Melville, came to see the safety of the Scottish church in the conquest and Reformation of the English Church.

Question 13

ireland composite monarchy lt

Answer 13

• In Ireland, plantation and settlement policies had created a united anti-English bloc;
  the Reformation had failed;
  the Dublin Administration remained insolvent;
  the Act of Concealment had not been brought across to Ireland in 1624 which would have appeased them with sureties of tenure.

Question 14

elizbeth I - lt civil war

Answer 14

stone
fifth monarchist
coward and giant
failures

Question 15

e1- lt civil war failures

Answer 15

• Failure to develop a national, paid bureacracy or a standing army; the effect of the religious compromise in bringing about a large and assertive middle-class imbued with a diffuse Puritanism.
• • Parliament becomes more assertive, venality takes root, failure to reform the finances, alienates Ireland.

Question 16

stone- e1- lt civil war

Answer 16

implicates her in particular: “slendid but involuntary betrayer of the cause of monarchy.”

Question 17

fifth monarchist e1 civil war

Answer 17

1653- sluttish housewife

Question 18

coward and gaunt e1- civil war

Answer 18

exempt James from blame by blaming Elizabeth and Charles;
but we should remember that James had many advantages for the reform of these problems which Elizabeth did not enjoy: European peace,
Reformation taken hold,
Ireland pacified.

Question 19

assertive parliaments lt cause of civil war

Answer 19

• start under e - Neale
  or even Mary - eb harbinson
• James
  -kishlansky
  Charles

Question 20

asertive palriamnets - lt - james

Answer 20

• 1614 addeld parliament pass no leg
• 1621 parliament - clash over finances, (statute monopolies 1624 king dont have ability), concerns james tatempt marry son charles off to spanish princes, commons protestation 1621 right to fre speech demanded, james tore up and dissolved palriament
• The pitchforks are raised too early in Charles’ reign for us to blame him: 1625 refusal to give a sufficient subsidy for a war which parliament themselves demanded. 1627: one Mp describes the session as one in which parliaments fate, whether it should “live or die”, would be decided.

Question 21

kishlansky asertive parliaments civil war

Answer 21

Parliament who was extreme in many of the confrontations under Chalres I: he convened sessions in 1628, 1629 and 1640 at the behest of parliament and against his own judgement; during the Petition of Right it was he who did all the running: parliament demanded assent of all its articles.

Question 22

Charles- assertive parliaments - lt

Answer 22

adopted the anti-Catholic policies, to the short-term detriment of his marriage, at the beginning of the reign: approved all the anti-Catholic petitions presented to him, declaltred war on Catholic Spain, disarmed Catholic peers, didn’t allow his children to be educated or baptised under Catholic rites.

Question 23

financial weakness of crown

Answer 23

• The Stuarts inhereited a financial system on the point of collapse: Robert Cecil speaks to this effect in Parliament in 1610.
• Becomes a weapon for parliament
• Russell:
• Becomes beholden to parliament and reliant on expediency.
• Disrupts the patronage system.

Question 24

Russell- financial weakness lt

Answer 24

symptomatic of the desacralisation of the monarch: “not even the most rabid presbyterian would have told Elizabeth that she could not have tonnage and poundage unless she abolished the episcopacy.”

Question 25

middle term causes of civil war

Answer 25

lauding church
personal rule
other policies
socioecon

Question 26

socioecon- middle term causes of civil war

Answer 26

• Hill, Harrington and Stone on the importance of the growth of the puritan industrious class.
• Charles alienates this group
• Parker:
• Even then only 500 on the street after the closure of the Short Parliament.

Question 27

Parker- socioeconomic- middle civil war

Answer 27

Europe wide phenomenon, weather and fall in living standards “lowers the boiling point”

Question 28

other policies- middle cause civil war

Answer 28

• assc oppression
  Judith richardness
  smuts
  kishlansky

Question 29

Judith richards- civil war

Answer 29

Charles’ reclusiveness and how he stops giving arms: this is important because the giving of alms and touching for the king’s evil were important tools in ensuring the monarch’s image was a benevolent one.

Question 30

±smuts- civil war causes

Answer 30

“strange form of internal exile” which, in Peter Lake’s view, exacerbated fears of Evil Counsel.

Question 31

kishlanksy - Charles court

Answer 31

not as insular as has been suggested:
Sir William Noy for example, had acted as Counsel to Sir Walter Erle in the Five Knights’ Case,

was an ouspoken opponent of a clause about the King’s prerogative being inserted into the Petition of Right,
1631 he was not only offered the Attorney Generalship but he was pressurised by Charles to take it.

Wentworth had been a central figure in the creation of the petition of right.

Question 32

personal rule- middle cause cw

Answer 32

inevitable to war- no supporters, no outlet for frustrations
finance reposes by parliament - escalated
holding speaker down

Question 33

personal rule - inevitable cw

Answer 33

September 1638, Laud to Wentworth: “no small evils” oncoming, “no cure without a miracle.”
- Venetian ambassador in 1637: “disposition to revolution” in England, the King has “no friends in England, less in Ireland and none in Scotland.”
- Escalated the political problems of the previous five years by creating no outlet.

Question 34

escalation personal rule to war

Answer 34

Parliament cut 60% of the crown’s revenue in 1641 as a response to this
1628 scuffle

Question 35

why finances so bad

Answer 35

• finances already struggling- Charles inherit 1.3mill shortfall jaems spending on wars irelnd aid king of France
  
  • gentry undervalued estates, communities refuse pay taxes, ocfrod response ship money

Question 36

forced loan date

Answer 36

1626

Question 37

parliament response to forced loan

Answer 37

petition of right- 1628 por- sign petition or palriamnet would refuse grant future taxes- no further imprisonments without trial nd unlawfulness. Martial law

Question 38

why forced loan needed

Answer 38

money anglo Spanish wa r1625-30

Question 39

unhappiness by parliament after 1628

Answer 39

consider how 7 and then 12 peers were ready to commit treason (12 a magic number)
holding speaker down

Question 40

holding speaker down

Answer 40

1629- mps sought pass leg before speaker dissolved palirmanet on king command- parliament no longer actiong in kings business

Question 41

lauding church - cause for civil war

Answer 41

changes under laud
scotland
secular roles bishops
opp
stone and ksihlansky
war religious deliniatioms

Question 42

religious deliniations- cw

Answer 42

20/22 Puritan preaching hotspots came up Parliamentarian; and that in Hobbes’ Behemoth a full 3 of 7 of his ‘factions’ which led to the Civil War are religious ones.

Question 43

lauding changes

Answer 43

Push for conformity in a religiously diverse country was inevitably going to result in problems.
- archbishop cantebruy – 1633- encouraging parishioners come up to rials recive communion, signif sscramnets
- bok of sports- allow morris dancing and may day clerbations
- more ceremonialism than seen for 60y
- Religious deviation was a dangerous game given the Homilty on Obedience: “must obey God rather than man.” – no more Job-like fidelity.

Question 44

Scot and laud- middle term change cw

Answer 44

particularly problematic in Scotland, see Galloway above, but also because a campaign for uniformity was naturally going to chafe on the points of maximum difference and thus become a campaign of English hegemony.
- prayer book, nnat cov 1638

Question 45

secular roles bishops - cw

Answer 45

frontmen for other oppresive acts, like the collection of Ship Money. Therefore, even the bishops in the church was not getting more overbearing, the extending responsibilities made it seem like they were.

Question 46

opp to regime on laud - cw

Answer 46

August 1641 demand for the abolition of the episcopacy. – root and branch and 19 propositions
Trial of Prynne and others in 1637 a martyr machine

Question 47

trial of prynne

Answer 47

• p puritan lawyer and writer openly critical of king
• Histriomastix (1633) attacked the theatre and condemned women acting on stage, which included criticism of Queen Henrietta Maria’s involvement in court masques.
• rynne was arrested for seditious libel and blasphemy due to his attacks on the monarchy and Church, especially his criticism of the Queen. His work was deemed offensive by King Charles I and Archbishop Laud.
  Trial: Prynne was tried in the Star Chamber and found guilty. The court imposed harsh punishments:
• including life imprisonement in tower and wars cut off

Question 48

significant trial of prynne

Answer 48

uritan martyr for freedom of speech. The harsh punishment contributed to growing opposition to the monarchy and Church.

Question 49

stone and kishlansky on laud

Answer 49

examine the poor advice given to Charles by Laud amongst others

Question 50

st causes civil war

Answer 50

composite problems heightened
Scots erupted
importance bishop war
democratic principle lacking?

Question 51

composite monarchy- st

Answer 51

• diff religion
• ireland
• English calvanissts
• problem of monarchy elsewhere

Question 52

ireland - composite monarchy- st

Answer 52

1641 irish reblellion – caused by cont plantations settlements Ireland, lack political rep ad persecution of catholics, wentworth politics, trigger proporguing of irish parliament two month prior- catholic hysterior

Question 53

English Calvinists - st composite monarchy

Answer 53

For those in England of a strongly Calvinist persuasion, Edinburgh became an example: William Prynne’s News from Ipswich was probably printed from Edinburgh – people “hoped to find America in Scotland” (Russell). – this is one of the ways in which Scottish politics served to polarise English politics.

Question 54

problems monarchy elsewhere- st

Answer 54

Problems of monarchy are manifest throughout Europe: Catalonia and Portugal;
or particularly apt were Spain and the Netherlands due to the religious differences: t
he central problem is allowing something somewhere else which you outlaw at home.

Question 55

Scots - st

Answer 55

• scottish prayer brook
• more power to Scots
  prayer book ritoss

Question 56

Scots- st - praye brook

Answer 56

Prayer Book of 1637 was characterized by outright rejection, violent protest in Edinburgh , and the formation of the Scottish National Covenant. This resistance marked a key moment in the lead-up to the Bishops’ Wars and contributed to the political and religious tensions that eventually led to the English Civil War. For the Scots, it was about defending their Presbyterian beliefs, resisting royal interference in their religious practices, and maintaining their traditional church structure against perceived threats from the Anglican Church and King Charles

Question 57

Charles more power to scot- st

Answer 57

gives the covenanters “all the attributes of sovereingty” (Kishlansky). They could summon and dissolve General Assemblies and Parliaments; levy taxes; decide foreign policy and raise armies. Charles complained in 1638 of how he had allowed them to reduce him to a ‘doge of Venice’

Question 58

riots catalyst scot st

Answer 58

Prayer Book riots served as the catalyst for a rebellion which was, at its root about the Union.

As Hamilton, who presided over the General Assembly in the King’s name, said: “these people have somehwat else in their thoughts than religion”, rather,

religion “must serve for a cloak to rebellion.”

Question 59

direct parliamentary resistance - scot- st

Answer 59

not until 1640 when parliament called to finance war against Scotland, royalist accounst aprliamnet sought to ‘destroy royal autjority’ by removing evil counsellors

Question 60

remove evil councillors

Answer 60

fortunes tennis ball’ despite doing well under Charles ‘rpdie will take a fall’ due to palriamnet actions0 impeached and irpisoned
- eg laud in de c1640 for subverting religion and causing division between iking and sujects

Question 61

importance of bishops war

Answer 61

polarises English politics: anti-Scot and Royalist became synonymous
- irish response
-treaty of Berwick

Question 62

bishops war- significant - eng

Answer 62

• Sees 12 peers commit treason and weds parliament to Scottish demands – death of Strafford and establishment of presbyterianism in England – to which the King would never agree.

Question 63

bishops war- signif- Irish - st

Answer 63

One Irish Rebel, when asked why, replied: “to imitate Scotland who got a privilege by that course.”
- Also scares Irish, Presbyterianism might make the whole British Isles unsafe for papists.

Question 64

treat of Berwick - bison war signs

Answer 64

Charles should never have signed the Treaty of Berwick to end to First Bishops’ War:
John Adamson calls it “the greatest mistake of his life.”
He had military superiority, even though Leslie’s tactics made it seem otherwise; retreat discredited him further; Charles was now completely bankrupt and made a number of concessions. That said, the failure of Phillip IV to fund the English effort as predicted was significant, an uprising in Barcelona having distracted him and used up any excess funds in the Spanish treasury.

Question 65

statues inevitability of civil war

Answer 65

No high-road to Civil War” (Elton)
many factors limited- politics, religion, rule of law

Question 66

political inevitability

Answer 66

Russell: we should seriously consider whether the only truly ‘political’ dispute until well into the 1640s was that between the Scottish covenanters and the English Crown.
Note also how the Imperial Scottish vision was the most unpalatable prospect possible for the English crown.
No leading parliamentarian in 1642 would support the regicide in public at the end of the decade.

Question 67

religious divisions inevitability- civil war

Answer 67

Religious divisions in the country up to 1639 did not seem to be causing a bitter enough odium theologicum to make them a likely cause of war. There was a level of social toleration and my Calvinist were friends with papists: D’ewes and Count of Egmont.

Question 68

rule of law - inevitability civil war

Answer 68

Who could mobilise the ‘rule of law’ argument? – it meant different things to both sides. Pym could readily imprison unconvicted recusants and still declare the law to be on his side because in the bourgeois, property owning minds of the parliamentarians the most important ‘law’ was that against the king arbitrarily taxing the people.

Question 69

Hobbes on civil war inevitability

Answer 69

described England as “boiling hot with questions concerning the right of domination and the obedience due from subjects” – yes, the ideological debate was a negative one rather than a positive one.

• Death of Bedford, most powerful moderate, in May 1641.

Question 70

act of concealment

Answer 70

The Act of Concealment of 1624 was a law passed during the reign of James I in England. It was aimed at addressing the issue of concealed lands—property that had been secretly transferred or hidden to avoid paying taxes or debts.

hoped to raise finances

Question 71

implications act of concealment on Irish

Answer 71

The Act increased the scrutiny on land ownership, making it harder for Catholic landowners to conceal their holdings, which were sometimes seized as part of confiscations following rebellions or political upheavals. This had implications for the social and economic structure of Irish society, where many Catholic landowners were displaced.

The Act indirectly contributed to the consolidation of English control over Irish land, particularly in the wake of the 1641 Irish Rebellion, in which Irish Catholics rose up against English rule.

Question 72

Act of Settlement

Answer 72

1652, confiscated large swaths of Irish land from Catholics, redistributing it to English Protestants

Question 74

how does Charles alienate industrial puritan class

Answer 74

with his abitrary government which is seen to enroach on free trade: consider the arrest of 30 members of the Levant company in 1629 when they refused to pay an arbirary increase in the imposition on imported currants.

Question 75

ship money

Answer 75

first imposed 1634
1637 court case and won, had right
tax enforced 1640
controversy for paying ships in wartime, coastal areas yet expanded include non coastal area

Question 76

bishops war

Answer 76

hops’ Wars (1639-1640). These conflicts were fought between the Scottish Covenanters (who were largely Presbyterians) and the forces loyal to King Charles I, who sought to impose his religious policies on Scotland.
The First Bishops’ War (1639) ended in a stalemate, but it forced Charles I to call Parliament to raise funds, as he was unable to raise money on his own. This led to further political and financial tensions between the king and Parliament, contributing to the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642.