reformation- analysis Flashcards
refuting dickens
- He uses witch-beliefs, mysticism and texts in the vernacular as evidence for the decay and backwardness of the late-medieval church.
-purgatory
refuting dickens- witch
were in fact accentuated under a Protestant regime; to suggest mysticism was intrinsic to Protestantism is to make a false conflation between Protestantism and modernity; texts in the vernacular, even bibles, was far from an exclusively protestant phenomenon and actually can be used as evidence for the vitality of the church.
prugatory- refuting dickens
- Equally, argument that the effacement of the doctrine of purgatory was effective in converting people to Protestantism is not convincing: consider how long it took for alleigance to the Chantries to dissapate.
rise in religious printing
- golden legent
prymer
work for householders
gold legend
delightful but still heavily fabulous Golden Legend by Jacob of Voragine was published in 1483 by Caxton who, so far from pruning its luxuriance, added seventy new lives of saints
primer prit
texts are in Latin, though some of them contain in addition certain English devotions.
work for householders- print
1525) was one of the most popular new publications of the decade. 32 Editions. The only hint in Whitford’s book that the orthodox faith faced any challenge was a passing warning that ‘good devout Christians’ should take no notice of heretics who denied the sacrament of penance.
vernacular bible toy equal prot
- Restriction was a uniquely English phenomenon brought in 1408
- Germany twenty complete translations appeared, together with innumerable partial editions, between 1466 and 1522.
- In France the first printed translation dates from 1477.
evidence of flourishing church
lay expendaiture
pratcices
successful catholic institutions
evidence of flourishing church - lay expenditure
parish guilds contg flourish
lt products
high spenidng- Duffy
west country
lt projects- flourishing church
steeple of Louth, begun in 1501 and finished oer a period of 14 years for a cost of over £300.
duffy- flourishing church pre reformation
emphasises the extent of lay energy and expenditure spent on the church – on carvings and paintings for church walls, for screens, bench-ends and windows.
flourishing church - West Country
obsessive devotion to saints was a characteristic of West Country religion. At Ashburton there were regular repairs and re-paintings of images, and an elaborate new rood-loft in 1522-3, an improved St George in 1526-9, a new St Thomas Becket in 1529, and a St Christopher in 1538.
evidence flourishing church - pratcices
survival mystery plays
priest led western rebels 1549 dismissed prayers book as xmas game
wills
moreath
st bary at hilll in london
survival mystery plays- flourishing pre ref church
- Consider the survival of the mystery plays of York, Coventry and Chester which survived the first onset of Protestant belief through their genuine popularity among ordinary townsfolk.
wills- pre ref church
mid-1530s two-thirds of all will-makers made some formal arrangement for prayers or masses after death
mroebath- pre ref church
-. Donations and erections of stained glass window and saints as late as 1537 and 1534. -
-The accession of Mary was pure joy to Trychay.
st Barry at hill- flourishing pre ref church
heart of London:
-1497 the rood-loft was moved, with a general refurbishment of the images;
-In 1515 the women ollected £9. 10s. for a splendid new altar-cloth ‘of white and red cloth of gold’.
-The altar cross and processional crosses were repaired in 1527-8, images were painted, and a goldsmith renewed the gilt on the candlesticks and censers.
evidence flourishing church -s successful catholic institutions
friars
Carthusian order
number applying bsihoprics
guilds
fraris- floruishing Catholic Church
- Modern writers have too little to say of the friars, whose influence was not in fact killed by Chaucer’s irony and who remained both active preachers and frequent legatees in wills during the early years of the sixteenth century.
carthusian order- successful catholic institutions
Mountgrace Priory in York: Here, even as late as 1523, worthy recruits continued to compete for each cell as it became vacant. Since its late foundation in 1396, Mountgrace had built up an annual income of more than £300, and it continued to receive substantial gifts from Lord Clifford and other benefactors almost until the dissolution
bishoprics- successful catholic institutions
hardly bespeaks a universally detested institution: In the diocese of Lincoln at least 700 men were ordained to the priesthood from March 1514 to December 1520 while the number of vacant benefices was c500.
guilds- success catholic institutions
-In the mid-1520s, Our Lady’s Guild had an annual income of over £900 from property and subscriptions.
-They are rising not falling: 1415, about 8 per cent of London testators had made gifts to guilds, but in the 1520s about a quarter did so
protestantism was far from only option
Erasmus catolic reform within
devotion moderna- movement advocated asceticism - reform catholic church from within too
hatred Rome but not uptake prot- Tunstall
Tunstall
one of the most doctrinally conservative of Henry’s bishops, could resent papal taxation and chafed against the overweening pride of Julius II.
lollardy and lutheranism and erasmianism
dickens
tunstall
mcconica
prosecuted in court s
dickens on sects
Lollardy was quite pervasive and Lutheranism quite rare; this is useful because it is entirely unlikely that Lollardy ever made its way into the favour of the political class.
courts- sects prot
prosecuted in the courts very rarely exhibited the characteristic Justificatory beliefs of Luther or Zwingli or the sacramental teachings which were unique to them. There is no sign of them, even in the exceptionally well documented York diocese.
Tunstall sects
no question of pernicious novelty; it is only that new arms are being added to the great crowd of Wycliffite heresies.”
mcconica-sects
English Humanists and Reformation Politics when he describes the reforming statutes of the 1529 Parliament as owing to an “Erasmian spirit” but later finds that their measures failed to find “unanimous Erasmian support.” – silly bean.
refute anticlericalism?
high rates ordaining
priests member if community
tithe
accusations against clergy
high rates ordaining
one in ten of the sons of early Tudor Norwich citizens became a priest, and about a fifth of Norwich families had a son in the Church
priest member of community
they owned and farmed their small plots of land side by side with the community. They were likely judged far less harshly by their community, who saw them foremosts as a father, a son or a brother, than Oxford theologians and academics like Thomas More.
tithe disputes
inevitable at a time of socioeconomic dislocation. But even then, a dispute over a tithe can hardly be extrapolated to a resentment of a whole institution. After all, tithes had long lost their personal and quasi-sacred character, as Dickens himself admits, and they were commonly farmed out to laymen and regarded as mere rent.
accusations against clergy
Cardinal Morton’s visitation of Suffolk in 1499, from 489 parishes there were only eight allegations of sexual laxity against priests. Lincoln visitations of over a thousand parishes between 1514 and 1521, only twenty-five accusations of sexual misconduct were made against priests
refute positive uptake of prot
resistance inconoclasm - * Report on Chichester diocese, 1568, concealed their old chalices against the return of the Mass, and chose to bear the cost of providing new communion cups rather than profane the chalices by using them for communion.§
hist little resistance reformation
- Pollard, Mackie and Fisher argue that there was very little resistance to the implementation of the Reformation. Hariss goes so far as to write that by the time it happened the break from Rome was no longer “a task of any great political difficulty or danger.”
little enforcement reformation
- Lack of enforcement: William Cobbe, Richard Jackson, Dr John Lusshe, Hugh Payne, an unknown man masquerading as the Archbishop of York, Robert Augustyn and William Inold are just a few of the clergymen whose indiscretions came to the Privy Council and retained their positions without punishment
reformation taken on easily?
- In 1538, when William Hewytt, vicar of All Hallows, Cambridge, offered communion in both kinds in English, the majority of his congregation went to other churches and Hewytt himself was put in a “deep dungell.”
reformation not super easy
number of radical preachers petitioning Cromwell for aid against congregations or gentry or other clergy bringing lawsuits against them for excessive radicalism is illustrative of the climate. In some cases, even Cromwell could not take such a risk as give in to their demands and Thomas Netter, for example, was put in the stocks for two days – no light punishment.
wills- reformation hist
spufford
duffy
scrisbrick
attreed
will- spufford
danger in reading too much into the preambles of people’s wills as the names of the saints were less mentioned: many were written by scribes like local clerics or scriveners and were conventional (as in set phrases).
will- duffy
illustrates how many of the wills with preambles which appear absolutely Protestant, also go on to ask for the help of the prayers of the saints too.
scarisbrck - wills
studied roughly 2,500 wills of the first half of the sixteenth century from all regions of England (though with an emphasis on the midlands); he found that all but a tiny proportion of testators left something to religion, and that at least 60 per cent made gifts to the maintenance and services of their own church.
attreed- wills
examination of wills from the north of England in the years 1525-40 suggests that 75 per cent of testators left gifts for the running of the parish church, and 16 per cent made bequests specifically for church repairs.
regional distinctions reformation
ag dickens successful ‘great crescent’ of southwest eng
more bath resistance in Devon
lancashire
uprisings
lancashire - Haigh
o Famous for its addiction to sport and communcal pleasures of the most traditional kind
o Most lancastrians satisfied with church and spiritual nourishment it provided
o Happy with status quo thus rejected prot more forcefully
o Most catholic county
why Lancaster outlier
goegraphic
Econ
ecclesiastic institutions weak
positive support
some prot support
lancaster grog
Geographical isolation greatly hindered any contact w new religious ideas
* Communications poor both within county rest eng
lancaster Econ
- Only w rapid growth of textile industry in Manchester area from 154-0s did one part of county establish econ and thus cultural links w suppliers merchants in west riding, midlands and London
ecclesiastical institutions v weak- Lancaster
- Even after establishment diocese of chester 1541 problems of distance and communication make episcopa control tenuous
- Poverty fo diocese did not help attract outsantding bishops
- Most Lancashire parishes large sparsely populated and contained several chapels
- Repression diff by catholic sympathies of many Lancashire jps
positive support lancaster
- Active support odl religion and old priests to maintain and direct support
- New chantires and chapels founded
- Monasteries and priesthood attracted plenty of recruits
- 1560s much more recusant priests n Lancashire
- Edwardian ref- virtually no imapc apart from provoking resentment
limited prot support Lancaster
- Only in but not all textile villages eg further north specilaised in linen from Ireland strongly cathocil
limitations Haigh
Over enthusiastic- too much stress small fiff between percentrages drawn from snall and not wholly reliabel figures
Haigh and scarisbrick reformation sucks
Scarisbrick little permenat achieved before elizbathe reign
o Who offered piecemeal reforms unlike Edward that gradually saw change + possibly helped by fear o fctaholics growing
shagan success ref
popular political view reformation and tudor monarchs pragmatic and open to listening and negotiating
reformation school
o Duffy regional studies- morenath – damaging impact pupon local communities
o Scarisbrick – enduring and underlying nature of ctaholicism
o Ryrie- emphasis lack hengemony within prot division sd lck success reformation b
\wnduring achievement’ of reformation isnetad ensure eng would never be a nation united uder same god
Henry mass
ten 1536 and six articles 1539
o Transub- presence of christ eucharist
Edward mass
o 1549 first act of uniformity-0 use of sacramentals removed
Bread and wine taken home after service consume normally
e1 ass
act of uniformity 1559- mass repaced w communion transub remains
o Only 3 votye majority – resistance to compromise
counter ref embraced example
o Morebath 27 wieves parish colletciing ‘2d from better off women’ ‘1d from the pporo’ ‘in order to buy the manuell’ book used in services
chronology of scottish reformation
1520s
1543 parliament
Mary of guise
1559 beggars summons and rebellion
1560 reformation parliament
print reformation
gaelic book of the form of prayers na n-urrnuidheadh- edinbrugh 1567
Produced by exil congregation
Directed to scot and Ireland to recive true word of god in hearts and minds
Carswell author – felt best path for all gaels embrace protestant message
o Irish gaelic publicshed book above 44e2- in 1571 dublin
o Helping to keep gaelic lang in print
scottish reformation 1520s
o Circulation of martin luther reform ideas in printed and manuscript form- esp in east coast ports (merchants and trading vessels)
Must have been noticiable reading as parliament of 1525 passed and act anent hersey banning importation and reading on pain forfeiture- loss property and gioods
o First protestant matyr 1527 student and uni master st Andrews- espousing lutehrian beliefs- burnt 1528
1543 scot
parliament authorised reading of vernacular bibels- to disseminatr prot among those who could read
Mary of guise dates
1548-59
Mary of guise
o Failed to address issue of religious reform seriously
o Murder of cardinal beaton 1546 no leadership in church although john Hamilton did take his place, 2 y before archbishop st andre
o Allowing prot grow
1559 scot
beggars summons
o Posted on doors all monasteries abbeys frairies, trheatend violent dispossession of friars – knox
o 1559-1560- rebellion
1559 Knox arrived
1559 scot rebelión
2500 men Ayrshire under earl gelncairn arrived defend perth against regent
Response to mary of guise new tax 1559- outcry amonhst nobility
knox arrives soft
o 1559 knox arrived leith giving protestant cause greater directions
Preached st john kirk in peth sermon caused riot where religious houses attacked and statues decorations smashed
Prot too over in striling and edinbrugh where knox minister of st giles
scot reformation parliament dates
1560
reformation parliament scot
o Lords of congregation and supporters usherd religious rev
o Outlawed practice catoghlic worship in scotaldn and denied pope any psirttual authority over Scotland or power to adjudicate on legal matters such as nariage and diveorce
o Six johns formed a polity- blueprint for the church or kirk of Scotland- first book fo discipline
six johns book of dicspleine
Accepted in an act of secret council in jan 1561 aimed to bring about sweeping changes to Scottish parish system
Churches to be stripped of idolatrous religious art and decortion and whitewashed
Only god and churst would be worhsiped not images or images of the saints
Geneva packed religious exiled under Calvinist control
o Nov 1555 group eng seaking exiles constituted themsekves as a congregation and elected goodman and knox coministers
o Dispersed 1559 following queen e accession- 200 member congregation
Concgration charaterised by immense productivity and faith in future of prot in Britain and Ireland
press movement motivated
o 1558- mary died – most exiles went home
o 1559-60 – wars of the congregation generated alliance between queen elizabeth and scottis lords
o Aug 1560- Scottish reformation
Parliament adopted a protestant confession offaith and new reformed
ireland religion- scot influence
scottish rebellion meant goodman and knox forced leave ministerial posts st Andrews and edinurugh respectively
Goodman- a household preacher by sir henry Disney- sought to enlist his frind knox to help mount evangelical preaching campaign in rialdn
Good man also attempted to establish a fully reformed congregation in Dublin in 1566
* Effort blocked abandoned
* Pessimistic about second attempt chance unless given permission- toleration
o W plantation 17thc start- strnegythened bond between scot and Ireland
o Also seconf part e reign witnessed consolidation and reinvigoration of roman catholic allegiance across old English and gaelic community
chronology ireland reformation
1536 coi recognise Henry as head of church
1539 six articles
disillusion of monasteries
under Edward coni more protestant
Mary-
e
James I
Henry head of church ireland
1536 ordered
many refused to do so
1542 ireland
grant Henry king of ireland
opp and reaction ireland
o Archbishop of Dublin put in by henry geogre brown- without approval of pope
o Catholics loyal to holy see prosecuted as traitors
o Lutherans much rarer in irelnad burnded at stake heretics
six articles date
1539
disillusion of monastery ireland
o Diff course form eng and wales – less monatsries more houses of friars which maintained regular conventual and spiritual life
1537 leg closure
1541 tydor conquest ireland
leg closure monasteries ireland
1537
considerable opp
only 16 houses surpassed
1541 ireland
tudor conquest of rieland cont press area of successful dissolution to be extended – deals local lords monastic property granted ofor exchange oaths alligence new irish corwn
Thus henry acquired little wealth of irish houses
Many houses of friars cont until e 1
Edward ireland
more poretstant- most irish refused acceptthese changes to church
o As new rules written in eng as only speak irish – book of common prayer printed in dubli 1551 in eng
o Act of uniformity. 1549 limited impact than in eng
o Abolished criem of heresy 1547
1547 ireland
abolished crime of heresy
1551 ireland
book of common prayer printed Dublin n eng
unde rmary ireland
o Whilst catholic wrlcomed
o She did not treat Ireland more kindly- snet her amry to laois and offaly west Dublin I n15556 forcibly removed most native irish from area and gave to eng settlers
o Irish that were removed attacked settlers until 1600
o When episcopal sees inireland vacant- clerics loyal to rome chose by mary
o Act of supremacy repealed 1554
o Revived heresy acts
o 1555 reconfirmed position as catholic queen of kingdom of rieland
1556 ireland
Dublin
forcibly removed most native irish from area and gave to eng settlers
o Irish that were removed attacked settlers until 1600
1555 ireland
o 1555 reconfirmed position as catholic queen of kingdom of rieland
- Mary
Elizabeth in ireland
cont colonisation
rebellions
Irish act of uniformity
oath of supremacy
little progress reformation due to rebellion s
1592 trinity Colin Dublin
Irish e- rebellions
O neills tyrone attack defeated 1561
Two revolts by fitzgerlads of cork and Kerry put odwn in 1575 and 1580 respectvely
Off back of fitzgerland in cork- began plantation in munster
Colony prospering 1587
1598- coordinated irish attack never recorded it
, nc desmond rebellions 1569-83(fitzgreald ones above) and nine years war
1560 ireland
o Irish act of uniformity 1560 wirshiop in churches adhering coi compulsory
oath of supremacy ireland
e
vif took offie in irish church and gov
If violated hang and quarter
1592 ireland
trinity college Dublin- train clergy preach reformed faith
James I ireland
o More settlers- plantation of ulster- many of new settelrs pres not Anglican
Enabled james create slight prot majority to irish hoc 1613
o Translation olf testament irish William bedell, bishop Kilmore- published 1680
Also translated book of common prayer 1606
James I- religion - catholicism
- did not make Charles error of aligning himself oppp calvinism
- Catholicism death of Allen 1594 marks en of heroic age of catholicism
revisions argue jame snot pocked of Spanish - One of his first proclamations was for the collection of recusancy fines
- 5,506 convicted of recusancy in February 1605, this is a high rate than any month in the Elizabethan reign.
- Gunpowder Plot Nov 1605.
recusancy
Recusancy refers to the refusal to attend services of the Church of England, which became a legal requirement following the Act of Uniformity (1559)
James I = puritanism
beginning of reign- demands p v reserved , only within state church- so wanted modification -
- made mistake equating eg w scottish puritans- thus ‘no bishop no king’ misunderstanding- assumed Reynolds wanted elimination of episcopacy rather than its reform
- lack of reform enflatmed hotter sort, but adv clerical disputation and meetings ofr mutual clergy
- vested interests limited reform
changes puritans wanted under James
abolition making cross baptism, abolition use ring in marriage, freedom puritan ministers not wear clerical vestments
James limited in religious reform- vested interests
- It wasthe lay-landowners who held 3,900 of 9,200 church livings who inhibited reform in particular because they feared for their tithes – even if James wanted to eliminate the episcopacy he couldn’t because of these powerful vested interests (this is another interesting long-term product of the Reformation).
good practices James religion
- 1629 – John Pym tries to include James in a list of “Fathers of the Church”
- Wide range of theological positions were represented on the Jacobean bench of bishops
- Improving quality of clergy
- new translation of the Bible in 1611 pleases the Puritans
- 1610-1625 only 2 ministers deprived for nonconformity.
finch and lake
improve quality of clergy- James
; Joseph Hallm Bishop of Exter and Norwich said: “the clergy of Britain is the wonder of the world.”
finch lake James I clergy
much more interested in extracting proof of loyalty than in the small print of regular conformity.”
why James enflamed puritans
- 1604- convocation supported
- Bancroft and opp to decision
-1518 book of sports
tensions w fears James conversion arminianism
1604 convocation James
gives his support to the ecclesiastical cannons passed by convocation which upheld clerical dress, cross in baptism and bowing at the name of Jesus: it seemed like he had ignored everything they had said at the Hampton Court Conference.
- Within three weeks of this, Bancroft ordered that all clergy who didn’t conform to the new cannons would be deprived. Petitions of complaint flooded in from Nhamptonshire, London, Essex, etc.
James halts Bancroft’s persecution and even apologises.
Fears of James’ conversion to Arminianism at the end of the reign cause tensions which overlap into Charles’:
- He allowed Laud prominence in theological debates at court.
- Failed to censor Montague’s A New Gag for an Old Goose
- Failed attempt to install the Five Articles of Perth to Scotland – they contained the Black Rubric.
- 1622: James banned sermons on controversial matters.
- Showed himself to be sympathetic to Montague’s work.
