religion Flashcards
1
Q
Lucy wooding on reformation
A
male movement
o History of the reformation is a history of loss at the parish level
Took lived experience of religion out of hands of people and into hands of educated class
2
Q
Lucy wooding reformation male movement
A
Wooding rejects Protestantism as a force for female liberation – arguesep that any religion which priorities lit bad for women
Although parish church of late 15thc and early 16thc women agency- paid for patricuar seats responsible for the decoratiosn for- think mrpoebath
o Foxe’s attempt to depict as martyrs, on the whole, weak, simple and poor women is revealing about his – and the wider 19C – view of femininity and what about it was to be idealised.
3
Q
h7 religion - personally
A
H7 religion – Chrimes: “sound churchman”
- David Knowles: “not personally interested in religion in its theological or devotional aspects… his actions and policies… were earthbound.”
4
Q
h7 religion
A
- 1489 Act against benefit of the clergy for laymen: only can be used once.
- Stafford Treason Case
- CJ Hussey: English and Florentine merchants, excommunication.
- Praemunire revived.
5
Q
h8 religion - pre reformation
A
catholic peity
internal tensions religious view
idiosyncratic treatment of religion due to its iteration with the state
6
Q
h8 catholic piety
A
Burning Luther’s books and Defence of the Seven Sacraments in 1522
fp
Exhortations to family
- Fear over signs from God; especially about either childlessness, or issues relating to childbirth like still born or deformity. His “scruple of conscience” re Catherine marriage was quite real (Brigden).
7
Q
catholic fp h8
A
- War against Louis XII for his support for a schismatic General Council of the Church which undemrined the Pope’s supremacy
8
Q
Henry 8 inner tensions in his religious view
A
royal supremacy
pollard
9
Q
royal supremacy h8- inner tension religious view
A
Guy has argued that Henry did not have a conception of the royal supremacy before the Collectanea- document compiled in 1530 to support Henry VIII’s case for his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. It contained arguments from historical, legal, and scriptural sources asserting the English monarchy’s independence from papal authority.
Precedents for Royal Supremacy under H7
10
Q
pollard h8 inner tensions
A
the divorce lit the spark which ignited the flame but the combustible materials had long been present.”
11
Q
Idiosyncratic treatment of religion due to its interaction with the state
A
Blindspot to Wolsey
Richard Rex: instructions to London diocese on unsoundness on royal supremacy > doctrinal unorthodoxy.
Nuptials with Anne of Cleves on the day of the feast of the Epiphany
Auricular Confession in London and Syon Priory
12
Q
post reformation - h8
A
influence lollardy
lutheranism
dissolution
eng bible
images pilgrimages and veneration
consistent via media
otherp
13
Q
influence lollardy h8
A
14thc- authority scripture, rejection transub, critic clergy
jr davis
Not convincing: “gradually spread upward from Lollard artisans and merchants”
Unrealistic level of social intercourse.
“not quite clear”
- class connotations
- “most enduring tenet” is the denial of the real presence and of transubstantiation which, as the trial of John Lambert illustrated, was heresy.
14
Q
lutheranism - h8
A
Haigh
ryrie
15
Q
Haigh lutheranism- h8
A
Haigh: “if Henry found it convenient to deal with Lutheran princes and theologians, he also found it necessary to burn Lutherans for heresy.”
16
Q
ryrie- lutheranism - h8
A
Ryrei: Lutheranism was “congenial” to the politically imposed Reformation
17
Q
dissolution 1535
A
Less than 300 small religious houses dissolved.
70-80 reopened
Option to go to large religious house
Pope condemns the corruption in the small religious houses and the need for their reform 1537
18
Q
eng bible
A
Not the culmination of a literary vernacular culture.
Due to proliferation of unauthroised translations: Tyndale: When Tyndale translated the Greek word ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía) as congregation, he was thereby undermining the entire structure of the Catholic Church.
Lutheran in theology
Cover had henry passing the Bible down to his bishops and his bishops to the people
Act for the Advancement of True Religion restricts Bible reading.
19
Q
h8 images, pilgrimages and veneration
A
1538 condemned
macullcoh
Thomas Beckett one of first to go- tomb destoryed
morebath
20
Q
macculloch- veneration- h8
A
England’s Reformation was characterized by its hatred of images, as Margaret Aston’s work on iconoclasm and iconophobia has repeatedly and eloquently demonstrated.”
21
Q
morebath=- veneration h8
A
extinguish lights and devotional ornaments hung around virgin mary statue
Although- Morebath sir chritsopher cont write ‘st geogre pray for us ‘ at ‘hea dof each years high wardens accounts ‘
22
Q
consistent via media- h8
A
23
Q
A
24
Q
consistent via media- h8
A
- Shagan on inherent violence of this.
- No Lutheran advance: 1536-1540 – trial of John Lambert
- No Conservative reaction: Proclamation against superstitions and abuses in 1541; removal of controversial shrine of St Hugh from Lincoln; apotheosis of the attack on the chantries.
- Elton: “conservative triumph did not materialise”; Guy: “conservative reform not conservative reaction”
25
other h8 religious factors
- It is telling that the fine Henry demanded (unsuccessfuly) after charging the whole clergy of Praemunire was equal to the crown’s annual income.-
-
- sed praemunire laws to target clergy who supported papal authority, paving the way for the break with Rome and the establishment of the Church of England.
In 1530, Henry charged the entire clergy of England with praemunire, forcing them to acknowledge him as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
- The Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates
26
act in absolute restraint of annates
outlawed all annates to Rome and also ordered that if cathedrals refused the King's nomination for bishop, they would be liable to punishment by praemunire.
27
1536 doctrinal changes
- convocation adopted first doctrinal statement for cofe- ten articles
- Cromwell royal injunctions to clergy
minor feat days changed into normal work days inc those celebrating a church patron saint
most feasts bring harvest time too July sept- partly Econ motivation
also feats days examples superstituon
clergy discourage pilgirmages
instruct people give to poor rathe than make offerings to immages
1536 pog
28
1537 changes
bishops book 1537
established a semi-Lutheran doctrine for the church.
The traditional seven sacraments were reduced to three only—baptism, Eucharist and penance.
Catholic teaching on praying to saints, purgatory and the use of images in worship was undermined.
29
1538- religious changes
- religious policy drift con direction
Henry personally presided at the trial of John Lambert in November 1538 for denying the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. At the same time, he shared in the drafting of a proclamation ordering Anabaptists and Sacramentaries to get out of the country or face death. Discussion of the real presence (except by those educated in the universities) was forbidden, and priests who married were to be dismissed.
30
1539- religious policy
: Six Articles reaffirming Roman Catholic beliefs and practices such as transubstantiation, clerical celibacy, confession to a priest, votive masses, and withholding communion wine from the laity
31
1540- religious changes
the reformers Barnes, William Jerome and Thomas Gerrard were burned at the stake. In a display of religious impartiality, Thomas Abell, Richard Featherstone and Edward Powell—all Roman Catholics—were hanged and quartered while the Protestants burned.
32
kings book
"The Institution of a Christian Man", a significant work written under the direction of King Henry VIII of England. It was produced in 1529 and was intended to serve as a guide to the doctrines and practices of the Church of England, reflecting Henry's views on religious reform.
rejected justification by faith alone and defended traditional ceremonies and the use of images.[110] This was followed days later by passage of the Act for the Advancement of True Religion,
33
act for the advancement of true religion
restricted Bible reading to men and women of noble birth.
34
1544- religious changes
-con losing influence
-Parliament made it more difficult to prosecute people for violating the Six Articles.
-Cranmer's Exhortation and Litany, the first official vernacular service, was published in June 1544,
-King's Primer became the only authorised English prayer book in May 1545.
-//Both reformed emphasis. (Haigh argues they were traditional; Duffy and Marshall say reformed; especially in their reduced emphasis on the invocation of saints.
35
1545 religious changes
King was empowered to seize the property of chantries (trust funds endowed to pay for priests to say masses for the dead). While Henry's motives were largely financial (England was at war with France and desperately in need of funds), the passage of the Chantries Act was "an indication of how deeply the doctrine of purgatory had been eroded and discredited".
36
Edward religion
personal religion
under somerset
northumberland
popular religion
37
Edward popular religion
- western rebellion
Bishop Hooper’s visitations in Gloucester find wide ignorance of 10 commandments and lord’s prayer.
- Bucer:
popular evangelism
38
bucer on popular religion under Edward
English Reformation too negative; it was anti-papalist and attempted decatholicisation but this was no replacement for popular preaching.
39
examples popular evangelism - Edward
* Radical London clergy dispense with images, mass and they conduct their services in the vernacular immediately after the death of H8
* 1/5 of Londonders protestant by 1548.
40
Edward personal religion
- Loach has questioned Edward’s Protestant zealotry: it is not mentioned in the Chronicle, not even Latimer’s sermon which has attained such status in Foxe.
- Yet he supported Hooper over Ridley, but if he really did then Ridley surely wouldn’t have won
- Should we question therefore to what extent his reprimanding Mary was over obedience and what was religion: after all, Henry intended his education to be Erasmian and Supremacist before it was evangelical.
41
Edward religious policy under Somerset
- remains theologically very limited in the extent of the Reformation: in the main due to the fear of a reaction from C5.
doctrinally
visually
1547 injunctions
1549
42
doctrinal changes under Somerset - Edward
communion still occurred in both kinds; preaching was banned from September 1548; auricular confession to priests retained; real presence and transubstantiation not explicitly rejected. First Prayer Book releaed in June 1547 might have been a masterpeice in caution, but it remained an “abomination” to the reformers (Guy).
43
visual changes under Somerset - Edward
major upheaval: Feb 1548 licensed iconoclasm, major uncertainties introduced, for example whether you have to eat fish Wed Friday Advent etc.
- Questions as to whether the new wording of baptism was enough to ward off the Devil; Chantries too.
44
1547 injunctions
ash Wednesday candlemass eliminated
- no Ringing any bells
- banbruy puritans one party pulling down trad maypoles- prevent mfetsivities of maygames
45
1549
forbid any innovation of alteration in the ceremonies not abrogated in henry reign
- 1547 and 1549 = attck cermeonies
o Forgib cebration of communion on behla o dead as well as bells or crosses used before corpses
- Trigger risings- western rising 1549 prayer book
46
Edward religious policy under northumberland
- treaty of boulgne
2nd act of uniformity
1552 changes
black rubric
social control
47
2nd act of uniformity
everyone to attend church on Sundays; Second BOCP replaces first; assuze judges and JPS enforce changes, life imprisonment for 3rd time offenders.
48
Edwardian religious changed by 1552
* Transubstantiation thrown over to the memorialist view
* Vestements abolished except rochet and surplice
* Singing discouraged in most cases
- Religious policy associated with social control: visitations by the church supress folk festivals, church ales, maypoles, plough Monday: all are condemned as superstitious.
- Act of 1552 holds that alehouses must be licensed by a JP
49
black rubric
controversially introduced but it is denied that it implies adoration. (The term Black Rubric is the popular name for the declaration found at the end of the "Order for the Administration of the Lord's Supper" in the Book of Common Prayer (BCP), the Church of England's liturgical book. The Black Rubric explains why communicants should kneel when receiving Holy Communion and excludes possible misunderstandings of this action.)
50
Mary I religion- opular
Ryrie praises the extent of Catholic reconstruction which would ultiimately make Elizabeth’s job much harder.
- Mary puts her own accession down to the “universal votes and acclamations” of her people
- Nadir in donations for the church should be viewed in light of the socioeconomic climate and also that poor relief was explicitly requested to be direct not through the church.
v popular and embraced
51
Mayr religious changes embraced
duffy
hutton
52
duffy - support for Mary religious changes
Pole with his influence on reforming the clergy but retaining ceremonialism and sacrament was the most in touch with the views of the majority.
- Morebath 27 wieves parish colletciing ‘2d from better off women’ ‘1d from the pporo’ ‘in order to buy the manuell’ book used in services
- Never been destroyed – lincolnshrie villages loaned vestments and books from gentry
o Morebath- black vestmenst hidden, silk streamer and banner rolled in a table lcoth and tsoredi n poole
53
hutton- popular support for Mary religious changes
ysis of 134 sets of churchwarden’s accounts: ALL by the end of 1554 have altar, vestments and copes and some necessary books and utensils. \
54
Mary religious changes
reformist
remove bigoted image
fear
55
Mary religious changes- fear
- Bloody mary
- Brutal repressive measures
- 300 individ burnt under her reign being heretics
- 1000 fleeing continental exile avoci fate
- John foxe actes and monuments naming those died as heretics under regime
56
Mary remove bigoted image
- E1 executes 700 Catholics after the NR
- Mary acts as head of the church despite opposition to Royal Supremacy: carries out royal visitations March 1554; appoints 11 bishops herself.
- Burning a conventional punishment for obdurate heresy; Foxe a vocal but atypical criticic; Cranmer had advocated it before. Ryrie argues it could have worked.
- Many Protestants who stay prosper:
57
Mary- protestants who stayed prosper
Dudley, Sidney, Bacon. Mary personally intimate with William Cecil and lady Anne Bacon.
-m
58
Mary- supporters of northumberland work under Mary
Arundel, Pembroke, Shrewsbury, Winchester.
59
Mary -r eformist
- Marian churchmen advocate a vernacular bible – Edgeworth: “no harm but rather and profitable that scripture should be had in the mother tongue”
- Within the first year, 2k churchmen deprived who had broken vows of celibacy.
- Pole emphasises education, preaching and social responsibility; called by Brigden an “evangelical Catholic reformer” on the edge of heresy by the standards of Rome.
- Mary had been asociated with katherine Parr’s household and had translated Erasmus’ Paraphrases.
60
elizbateh 1 relgiion -limited sucess
duffy
williams
- July 1578, Archbishop of York’s visitations of Cheshire find churches with no prayer book, homilies, retention of images and shrines and rood screens.
- 1564: 31% of JPs religion classes as “unfavourable”.
- in 1560, only 10% of parish clergy are licensed to preach.
61
e1 religion neg duffy
illustrates the growth in largely apathetic conformity, a decline from the vibrant medieval church
62
e1 religion neg williams
on recusancy: in London in the last two decades, attendance between 35-75% taking the sacrament.
63
Elizabeth settlement - challenges
- When the first Reformation Bill was presented in February 1559, it received major resistance: convocation of Canterbury reated to it by affirming papal supremacy, transubstantiation and the mass. The fact parliament whittled it down to a return to 1547 is telling. This was rejected by E1.
- Supremacy Bill of April 1559 passes only with a major concession to the Catholics which is that only opinions contrary to scripture or General Councils of the Church counted as heresy.
64
elizbaeth settlement impact
- Act of Uniformity which adopted the 1552 Prayer Book as the official liturgy passed by 3 votes.
- Retention of clerical vestments and black rubric to cause controversy in 1566
- All but 2 Marian bishops resign, 200 parish priests too.
65
anti puritanism
Wilcox and field
Browne
rumours of puritans
politics
persecution
66
Wilcox and field- puritanism
Admonition to the Parliament (1572) argues that Puritans had always been supporters of the state and even the Book of Common Prayer (despite its deficiences).
But it was because they were being required to subscribe alleigance to the Book of Common Prayer that they had to present their views.
Admonition ended with a call for the elimination of the episcopacy. Whitgift wrote his Answer in reply. Cartwright then wrote his Replye to an Answer. Cartwright Second Replye is even more forceful arguing that any ministerial hierarchal transgressed divine law.
67
Browne puritanism
- Robert Browne and his congregation at Bury St Edmunds withdraw from communion with Church of England due to lack of discipine and lack of preaching. They were forced into exile in the low countries; as Thomas Cartwright had been.
68
persecution puritans
- Persecution of Cartwright and other Puritan leaders sees the beginning of separatism: arrest and execution of Greenwood and Barrowe. 1593 Religion Act and Popish Recusants Act gives separatists three months to conform.
- Grindal (when he refuses to supress conventicling movement citing 1 Corinthinans 14) replaced with Whitgift 1583 – latter associated Puritanism with Anabaptism
- Puritans still associated with sedition
- After 1590, increased use of High Commission to target Puritan ministers, the legality of these policies challenged by puritan minister Robert Cawdrey but he loses case against the crown.
69
influence of scot- puritanism
Influence of Scottish ministers like Andrew Melville who bolster conventicling movement and nascent presbyterianism in England.
70
politics and puritasim
Neale on the Puritan Choir: an organised bloc of 43 MPs who foreshadowed the CW.
- Convocation of 1562/63: proposed elimination of kneeling at communion and of clerical vestments. Bills to this effect introduced but fail in the next parliaments. Clergy, like William Fulke in Cambridge, introduce it anyway and convinces his students to do the same. Archbishop Parker’s Advertisements restate requirement of conformity.
- Vestinarian controversy: 37 ministers suspended for refusing to wear them.
71
anti catholicism
- abolish cult of saint sand iconoclasm
catholic plots
72
abolish cult of sainst
- Attempt abolish cult of aints
o Corpus chritsi procession at canterbury gathering corwd 3k
After festival baned 1561
o 1559 inunctions royal visitation ensure all imaged removed
Resitande- thurlby parish keeping images untl 1564
Pilgrimage image virgin marry remained beynton
73
catholic plots
spanish aramarda 1588
Risng of north 1569 (attempt to depose queen e 1 replace hwer with amry queen of scots
- especially after Ridolfi plot too 1571
74
ridolfi plot
- Ridolfi Italian catholic banker- plot aimed oevrtrhow e1 replace w mary queen of socts
- king Philip ii supported plot and promised miltary aid
- plot discovered by e spymaster francis Walsingham
- duke of Norfolk arrested and executed, mary queen of scotsm stricter imprisonment
- Philip ii involevemnt heightened tensions eng and spain- contributing to aletr Spanish armada
75
76
twe was eng a protestant nation 1603
By 1603, England was officially Protestant, but varying degrees of adherence and lingering Catholic practices suggest it was not entirely Protestant in practice.
- establishment of poet in eng - legal and institutional changes
- popular religious beliefs and practices
- role of monarchy in shaping port
- influence port ideas society and cilture-
fp context
77
twe eng protestant Nation - legal and constitutional changes
Henry VIII’s break from Rome (1534): Establishment of the Church of England with the monarch as Supreme Head.
Edward VI’s reign (1547–1553): Protestant reforms, including the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer (1549, 1552) and the Forty-Two Articles (1553).
Elizabeth I’s Religious Settlement (1559): Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity re-established Protestantism after Mary I’s Catholic reign.
The Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) formalized Protestant doctrine within the Church of England.
78
e prot 1602- popular religious beliefs
Protestant ideas, such as the authority of scripture and rejection of the Pope, gradually gained traction, especially in urban areas and among the literate elite.
79
e prot 1603- no =popular belefs
Persistence of Catholic rituals: Marian devotions, use of rosaries, and belief in transubstantiation among rural populations.- duffy
"Recusants": Catholics who refused to attend Protestant services, maintaining allegiance to Rome.
Evidence from churchwardens' accounts and visitation records indicates slow acceptance of Protestant practices.
80
evidence churchwarden accounts and visitation records- slow acceptance prot practices
- maintaining of rood screens
morabth
- prestot lancashire- expenditure - payments for candles trad used in catholic rituals for adorning altars
81
political and international context- eng prot nation
- prot identity strengthen dinternat alliances an opp catholic powers
- England’s alliance with Protestant nations like the Netherlands and hostility toward Catholic Spain (e.g., the Armada).
The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1587), a Catholic rival, underscored Protestant dominance.
82
political and international context - eng not prot 1603
although catholic powers cont support eng catholic communities-
= pappy sent jesuit missionaries- Edmund campion and Robert persons to eng during e I reign to rekindlee catholic faith and porvide pastoral care to recusant catholics
- catholic seminaries in Flanders trained priests specifically secret missions in eng0 Douai
- babbgingdon plot 1586 put Mary on throne
-
83
babbingdon plot
1586
put Mary on throne
resulted in Mary death
84
eng rot 1603- role of monarchy in shaping prot
- monarchy crucial role often political motivations
- Henry political
- Edward and Mary reilgions
e middle way- enforce prot while avoiding extreme puritan reforms or Catholic rebellions
85
influence port ideas on Social and culture- eng prot nation
- printing press- bible in nene
- sermons central port worship influence public attitutdes
- encouraged lit- reading scripture central personal faith
- antic catholic sentiment grew
86
influence of prot ideas n sec and culture - eng not prot 1603
cultural penetration of Protestantism varied significantly by region, with more resistance in the north and west of England.
87
bad visitation
July 1578 archbishop York visitation of Cheshire fin churches no prayer book, homilies, retention of images shrines rood screens
88
iconocolasm- eng rot nation
- decline suggests more prot
- shift focus destroying images to emphasise scripture
- some rural areas retained modest decorative elements- stained glass windows, medieval wall paintings- not catholic resistance port authorities deprioritised
89
