Structure of upper and lower respiratory tract Flashcards
What are the 4 main functions of the nose?
It warms inspired air (0.25 seconds of contact,) it humidifies air, filters inspired air of pathogen using cilia in nose which traps particulates and cilia take these backwards to be swallowed.
What do the anterior nares open into? What is this covered in? What is the SA of the nose doubled by? Enables what?
The enlarge vestibule- skin lined and has stiff hairs. Turbinates.
More inspired air comes into contact with
The turbinates/ conchae create what 3 structures?
Superior, middle and inferior meatus.
What does the superior meatus contain?
Olfactory epithelium- olfactory nerve penetrates into the superior meats through pores in cribriform plate. Sphenoid sinus drains here.
Where is the middle meatus? What drains here?
Between the inferior and middle concha. More sinuses drain here.
What drains into the inferior meatus?
The nasolacrimal duct.
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Penumatised areas of the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones arranged in pairs.
Where do the frontal sinuses lie? Innervated by what?
Within the frontal bone over the orbit. Ophthalmic division (V1) of trigeminal nerve (CNV.)
Where do the maxillary sinuses lie? Innervated by what? Opens into what?
Within the body of the maxilla (upper jaw.)
Maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal nerve (CNV.)
The middle meatus.
Where are the ethmoid sinuses? Involves what? Innervated by what?
Between the eyes.
Labyrinth of air cells.
Ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) branches of trigeminal nerve.
Where do sphenoid sinuses lie? Empties into what? Innervated by what?
Medial to the cavernous sinus and inferior to optic canal, dura and pituitary gland.
Sphenoethmoidal recess, lateral to nasal septum attachment.
Ophthalmic (V1) branch of trigeminal nerve (CNV.)
What is the pharynx? Extends from where to where?
Tube taking filtered air from the nose to the larynx lined with squamous and columnar ciliated epithelium.
From skull base to C6 where continues into oesophagus.
Pharynx involves what 3 structures?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx (hypo pharynx.)
What is the nasal cavity?
Most superior part of the respiratory tract from vestibule of nose to nasopharynx.
What does the larynx do? Consists of how many cartilages?
Prevents liquids and food from entering the lungs.
9- 3 paired (cuneiform, corniculate and arytenoid) and 3 unpaired (epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid.)
What do the arytenoid cartilages rotate on to do what?
The cricoid cartilage to change vocal cords.
Larynx is innervated by what?
Vagus nerve (CNX)- superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves.
Superior laryngeal nerve divides into what nerves?
Internal- for sensation and external- for motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle.
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve provide motor innervation to?
All muscles except the cricothyroid muscle.
Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve run? Where does the right recurrent recurrent laryngeal nerve run?
Laterally to the arch of the aorta, under the arch and between the trachea and oesophagus.
Under the right subclavian artery and then up between the trachea and oesophagus.
Ulcers/ tumours on/ near recurrent laryngeal nerve causes what?
A hoarse voice.
Approx how much is someone’s minute volume? Cardiac output?
5 litres. 5 litres per minute.
Where does the trachea run from and until? What runs posteriorly? Contains what?
Larynx to carina= C6-T5. The oesophagus.
Semicircular hyaline cartilages connected by tracheal muscle.
Contains what epithelium?
Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
