Structure of upper and lower respiratory tract

Question 1

What are the 4 main functions of the nose?

Answer 1

It warms inspired air (0.25 seconds of contact,) it humidifies air, filters inspired air of pathogen using cilia in nose which traps particulates and cilia take these backwards to be swallowed.

Question 2

What do the anterior nares open into? What is this covered in? What is the SA of the nose doubled by? Enables what?

Answer 2

The enlarge vestibule- skin lined and has stiff hairs. Turbinates.
More inspired air comes into contact with

Question 3

The turbinates/ conchae create what 3 structures?

Answer 3

Superior, middle and inferior meatus.

Question 4

What does the superior meatus contain?

Answer 4

Olfactory epithelium- olfactory nerve penetrates into the superior meats through pores in cribriform plate. Sphenoid sinus drains here.

Question 5

Where is the middle meatus? What drains here?

Answer 5

Between the inferior and middle concha. More sinuses drain here.

Question 6

What drains into the inferior meatus?

Answer 6

The nasolacrimal duct.

Question 7

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 7

Penumatised areas of the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones arranged in pairs.

Question 8

Where do the frontal sinuses lie? Innervated by what?

Answer 8

Within the frontal bone over the orbit. 
Ophthalmic division (V1) of trigeminal nerve (CNV.)

Question 9

Where do the maxillary sinuses lie? Innervated by what? Opens into what?

Answer 9

Within the body of the maxilla (upper jaw.)
Maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal nerve (CNV.)
The middle meatus.

Question 10

Where are the ethmoid sinuses? Involves what? Innervated by what?

Answer 10

Between the eyes.
Labyrinth of air cells.
Ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) branches of trigeminal nerve.

Question 11

Where do sphenoid sinuses lie? Empties into what? Innervated by what?

Answer 11

Medial to the cavernous sinus and inferior to optic canal, dura and pituitary gland.
Sphenoethmoidal recess, lateral to nasal septum attachment.
Ophthalmic (V1) branch of trigeminal nerve (CNV.)

Question 12

What is the pharynx? Extends from where to where?

Answer 12

Tube taking filtered air from the nose to the larynx lined with squamous and columnar ciliated epithelium.
From skull base to C6 where continues into oesophagus.

Question 13

Pharynx involves what 3 structures?

Answer 13

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx (hypo pharynx.)

Question 14

What is the nasal cavity?

Answer 14

Most superior part of the respiratory tract from vestibule of nose to nasopharynx.

Question 15

What does the larynx do? Consists of how many cartilages?

Answer 15

Prevents liquids and food from entering the lungs.

9- 3 paired (cuneiform, corniculate and arytenoid) and 3 unpaired (epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid.)

Question 16

What do the arytenoid cartilages rotate on to do what?

Answer 16

The cricoid cartilage to change vocal cords.

Question 17

Larynx is innervated by what?

Answer 17

Vagus nerve (CNX)- superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves.

Question 18

Superior laryngeal nerve divides into what nerves?

Answer 18

Internal- for sensation and external- for motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle.

Question 19

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve provide motor innervation to?

Answer 19

All muscles except the cricothyroid muscle.

Question 20

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve run? Where does the right recurrent recurrent laryngeal nerve run?

Answer 20

Laterally to the arch of the aorta, under the arch and between the trachea and oesophagus.
Under the right subclavian artery and then up between the trachea and oesophagus.

Question 21

Ulcers/ tumours on/ near recurrent laryngeal nerve causes what?

Answer 21

A hoarse voice.

Question 22

Approx how much is someone’s minute volume? Cardiac output?

Answer 22

5 litres. 5 litres per minute.

Question 23

Where does the trachea run from and until? What runs posteriorly? Contains what?

Answer 23

Larynx to carina= C6-T5. The oesophagus.

Semicircular hyaline cartilages connected by tracheal muscle.

Question 24

Contains what epithelium?

Answer 24

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Question 25

At what level do the right and left main bronchi divide? How does left compare to right main bronchus?

Answer 25

At T5 at the carina.

Longer and more angled- things more likely to get stuck in right main bronchus.

Question 26

How many lobar bronchi in right lung? In left lung? How many segmental branches in right lung? Left lung?

Answer 26

3 divisions. 2 divisions.

10 and 8

Question 27

After bronchi continues into what? What are the ducts?

Answer 27

Terminal and then respiratory bronchioles then alveolar ducts, then alveoli.
Short tubes with multiple alveoli.

Question 28

What is an acinus? Interconnection between alveoli via what?

Answer 28

The tissue supplied with air by one terminal bronchiole.

Pores of Kohn.

Question 29

Alveoli has what 6 things? What epithelium? Type 1 pneumocytes do what? Type 2 do what?

Answer 29

Type 1 and 2 pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, basement membrane, interstitial tissue, capillary endothelial cells.
Columnar ciliated.
Pavement- create the alveolus.
Surfactant producers- prevent airway collapse.

Question 30

When being oxygenated, red blood cells go through how many alveoli and are oxygenated when?

Answer 30

More than one alveolus and when 1/4 through.

Question 31

How are both lungs innervated? Sympathetic causes what? Parasympathetic causes what?

Answer 31

Pulmonary plexus behind each hilum and innervation from right and left vagus= T2-T4 ganglia of sympathetic trunk.
Bronchodilation.
Bronchoconstriction.

Question 32

Visceral pleura where? Parietal pleura where?

Answer 32

Applied to lung surface= autonomic innervation only.

Applied to internal chest- pain sensation via phrenic nerve.

Question 33

Left and right pulmonary arteries run from where? Bronchus and pulmonary arteries run together via what? What run on their own?

Answer 33

The right ventricle.
Via bronchovascular bundle.
Pulmonary veins.