Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards
What is the axial component of the skeleton? What are the appendicular components?
The skull, spine and thorax. The upper and lower limbs.
What is the fibrous tissue layer covering cartilage and bone of the cartilage? What is the function of this?
Perichondrium/ periosteum. Acts as an attachment for tendons and ligaments.
Function of upper limbs? Functions of lower limbs?
Smaller contact points with fewer direct ligament attachments to facilitate mobility. Large contact points with strong ligament attachments to facilitate stability.
What is the anatomical position?
Standing erect with feet flat on the floor under the hip joints. Straight back with head and eyes facing forward. Arms by the side with forearms and hands facing forwards. Eyes focused at infinity on the horizon.
What are the sagittal planes? What are coronal planes? What are the axial planes?
Are vertical planes passing longitudinally through the body dividing into right and left parts. Pass through the body at right angles to the sagittal planes and divide the body into front and back parts. At right angles to the coronal and sagittal planes, dividing the body into top and bottom parts.
What does lateral mean? Medial? Superficial? Opposite to this?
Further from the sagittal plane.
Closer to the sagittal plane.
Closer to the surface.
Deep
What does anterior mean? Posterior? Proximal? Distal?
Closer to the front of the body.
Closer to the back of the body.
Closer to the starting point of.
Further from the starting point.
What does ipsilateral mean? Contralateral? What does supine mean? What does prone mean?
The same side of the body.
The opposite side of the body.
Variation of the anatomical position where the person is lying flat on the back.
Lying face down.
What is a joint?
A connection between two or more bones, irrespective of whether movement can occur.
The bones in a synovial joint are united by what and enclosing what? What is the joint capsule composed of?
What can the joint cavity contain? What are the bones covered by?
A joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity. An outer fibrous layer and an inner serous synovial membrane.
Synovial fluid.
Articular cartilage.
What are bones in a fibrous joint united by? What does the amount of movement depend on?
Fibrous tissue. There is no joint cavity. The length of the fibres.
What are bones in primary cartilaginous joints united by? What about secondary cartilaginous joints?
By hyaline cartilage which provides some flexibility. e.g. ribs to the sternum.
Hyaline cartilage and then fibrocartilage which provides strength e.g. the joints between vertebral bodies.
Types of joints? Plane joints?
Plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket and pivot.
Articular surfaces are flat, joint capsules are tight and sliding movements in planes of articular surfaces.
Hinge joints? EG?
Permits flexion and extension only. e.g. elbow.
Saddle joints?
Articular surfaces are convex and concave, two axes of movement and permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction.
Condyloid joints?
Movement in two axes but movement is restricted. Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction.
Ball and socket joints?
Spherical and concave articular surfaces. Multiple axes of movement. Permits all movement. e.g. hip and shoulder.
Pivot joints?
Rotation around a central axis. e.g. cervical spine.
Three muscle types?
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
Describe smooth muscle?
Involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and is concerned with digestion, blood pressure control, micturition, temperature control etc.
Describe skeletal muscle? What is the attachment that moves the least?
Voluntary muscle used for locomotion. Has 2 or more attachments to the skeleton. Origin and other end= insertion.
What is a motor unit?
A single nerve fibre within the nerve will innervate a number of muscle cells. In the eye, each nerve fibre only supplies one or two muscle fibres.
What does synergistic mean?
Two muscles that work together to produce an action.
What does antagonistic mean?
They work against flexors.
