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Phase 1 Flashcards > CVS- The blood > Flashcards

CVS- The blood Flashcards

1
Q

What two phases does the blood have? Red blood cells are what % of blood cells?

A

Cellular (45%) and fluid (55%).

99%

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2
Q

What is the volume of red blood cells called? What is a normal level?

A

Haematocrit.

0.45

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3
Q

What is the process of the production of blood cells and platelets continuing thorough life known as? In adults confined to where? Embryonic life and infancy where?

A

Haemopoiesis.
Bone marrow
Can occur in other sites too

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4
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets?

A

120 days, 7-10 days and 6 hours.

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5
Q

Where are the precursor cells of red blood cells located? If in blood sign of what?

A

In bone marrow- adults= axial skeleton, children= all bones, utero= yolk sac, then liver and spleen.
Leukaemia

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6
Q

What hormonal growth factors stimulate differentiation of each blood cell type?

A

Red blood cells= erythropoietin (kidneys,) white cells= G-CSF and platelets= Tpo

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7
Q

Young red blood cell known as? Contents? Haemoglobin carries what % of CO2 from tissues to lungs?

A

Reticulocyte.

Membrane enclosing haemoglobin, glycolysis enzymes. 20-25%.

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8
Q

Type A individuals always have what type of antibodies in their plasma? A antigen is said to be what?

A

Anti-B antibodies.

Co-dominant

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9
Q

Type B individuals always have what type of antibodies in their plasma? B antigen is said to be what?

A

Anti-A. Co-dominant.

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10
Q

Type AB have what antibodies in their plasma? It is said to be what?

A

Neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies. A universal recipient.

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11
Q

Type O have what antibodies in their plasma? Type O is said to be?

A

Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. A universal donor.

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12
Q

These antibody types are known as what?

A

Anti-erythrocyte antibodies known as natural antibodies

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13
Q

What is the Rhesus blood group system? Which antigen is most important? Rhesus positive means what?

A

A complex series of C, D and E antigens. D antigen.

D antigen is present.

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14
Q

What is anaemia? Normal volume? If higher number of RBCs what condition?

A

A reduction in the amount of haemoglobin in the blood- 12.5-15.5 g/dl.
Polycythaemia.

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15
Q

Symptoms of anaemia?

A

Tiredness, lethargy, malaise, reduced exercise tolerance, shortness of breath on exertion and angina.

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16
Q

Signs of anaemia?

A

Pink hands, sore tongue, angular stomatitis, spoon shaped nails.

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17
Q

Classifications of anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, anaemia of chronic disorder, haemolysis, bone marrow failure.

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18
Q

What is red cell size measured as? In iron deficiency anaemia what value? Causes?

A

MCV (mean cell volume)- normal= 82-96fl. Less than 80fl.

Bleeding, occult gastrointestinal, heavy periods, not getting enough iron.

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19
Q

What does B12 deficiency lead to? Causes? What does it affect?

A

Macrocytosis(large red blood cells> 100fl.) Raised MCV, but normal haemoglobin.
Liver disease, alcohol and hypothyroidism.
DNA synthesis of red blood cells.

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20
Q

What is haemolysis? Congenital causes?

A

Increased production but decreased lifespan. Membrane issues e.g. spherocytosis. Enzyme issues e.g. pyruvate kinase deficiency. Haemoglobin issues e.g. sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia.

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21
Q

Acquired causes of haemolysis?

A

Autoimmune- induced by blood transfusions. Mechanical- fragmented red blood cells by mechanical heart valve. Pregnancy- disease of newborn. If mother is Rhesus- and second baby Rhesus + (like 1st baby), antibodies against this produced quickly= Rhesus disease.

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22
Q

Lifespan of neutrophils? Role?

A

10 hours. Phagocytose bacteria and release cytokines.

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23
Q

Where are B lymphocytes stored? Helper T cells have what antigen? Cytotoxic have what antigen?

A

In secondary lymphoid organs.
CD4.
CD8

24
Q

Presence of primitive white precursor cells in blood sign of what?

A

Acute leukaemia.

25
Q

What is acute myeloblastic leukaemia? What is acute lymphocytic leukaemia?

A

AML- malignant proliferation of precursor myeloblasts in bone marrow- primarily affects adults.
ALL- same above but of lymphoblast precursor cells in bone marrow- primarily affects children.

26
Q

What is high grade lymphoma?

A

Lymphocytes in lymph nodes become malignant= Hodgkins disease/ Non- Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL)

27
Q

What do platelets determine? Made in bone marrow by what? They are enucleate?

A

Bleeding time- PT (prothrombin time.)
Megakaryocytes.
Cannot repair itself.

28
Q

Reduced number of platelets is called what? High number called what?

A

Thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytosis.

29
Q

Proteins in the blood?

A

Coagulation- produced in the liver e.g. thrombin- makes platelet plug, convert fibrinogen into fibrin. Plasma proteins- soluble. Albumin- from liver, oncotic pressure, lack leads to oedema. Carrier proteins. Immunoglobulins- IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE.

30
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

The arrest of bleeding- blood coagulation and contraction of damaged blood vessels.

31
Q

Bleeding results in what?

A

Coagulation cascade- proteolytic enzymes circulate in inactive form and activate to form thrombin, cleaves fibrinogen creating fibrin.

32
Q

Haemophilia A results in what? Deficiency in what clotting factor? Treated with what?
B results in what? Deficiency in what clotting factor? Treated with what?

A

Bleeding into muscles and joints. Factor 8. Factor 8.

Same as above. Factor 9. Factor 11.

33
Q

What is Von Willebrands disease? What is VWF required for?

A

Lack of Von Willebrands factor.

Platelets to bind to damaged blood vessels.

34
Q

What is muco-cutaneous bleeding? Symptoms of this?

A

Bleeding in the skin and mucous membranes.

Easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, nose bleeds (epistaxis,) gum bleeding.

35
Q

Acquired bleeding disorders caused by what?

A

Anti-platelet/ coagulation medication, liver disease- caused by alcohol.

36
Q

Vitamin K needed for synthesis of what coagulation factors? Treated with what? Who are deficient in it?

A

2, 7, 9 and 10. IV Vit K.

Newborns- given it at birth.

37
Q

Heparin and warfarin work by inhibiting what?

A

Vitamin K and coagulation cascade.

38
Q

When a blood vessel is damaged what is it’s first response? This does what?

A

To constrict- due to release of endothelia-1 by endothelial cells.
Slows blood flow in affected areas and ‘glues’ vessel together.

39
Q

Stopping of bleeding depends on what 2 processes?

A

Formation of platelet plug and blood coagulation.

40
Q

When a vessel is damaged what is exposed? Platelets adhere to these by what? This is adhered to collagen via what? Platelets binding causes what?

A

Collagen fibres. Von Willebrand factor (VWF).
Glycoprotein 1b receptor.
The platelet release the contents to their secretory vesicles via exocytosis.

41
Q

One of platelet contents is what? What is released which then acts on what? ATP binds to what causing more amplification?

A

Platelet dense granules. ADP is released which acts on the P2Y1 and P2Y12– platelet amplification.
P2X1.

42
Q

Thrombin binds to what 2 receptors inducing platelet activation and further thrombin release? Example of what?

A

PAR1 and PAR4. Positive feedback.

43
Q

Platelets change shape from what to what? This enables what and is known as what?

A

Smooth discoid to speculated with pseudopodia- increases SA= activation.

44
Q

Platelet activation increases expression of what glycoprotein receptors? These bind to what enabling new platelets to adhere to old ones? Example of what?

A

IIb/ IIIa receptors- bind to fibrinogen= aggregation.

Platelet aggregation.

45
Q

Platelet adhesion rapidly induces them to synthesise what? This causes what? Released in ECF and acts locally to do what?

A

Thromboxane A2– vasoconstriction and platelet activation. Stimulate platelet aggregation and release of vesicle contents.

46
Q

Another property of platelets? Contain what 2 things which do what?

A

Contraction. Actin and myosin- results in compression and strengthening of platelet plug.

47
Q

2 reasons why platelet plug doesn’t expand away from damaged endothelium?

A

Undamaged endothelium either side releases prostacyclin- inhibits aggregation.
Releases nitric oxide too- inhibits adhesion, activation and aggregation.

48
Q

Coagulation cascade divided into what 2 pathways? Not parallel but what?

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic. Activated sequentially with thrombin as link.

49
Q

Within intrinsic pathway, factor 12 is activated into what when it comes into contact with collagen fibres? Known as what? 12a catalyses activation of what from factor 11? This catalyses what?

A

Factor 12a. Contact activation.

Factor 11a. Activation of factor 9 to 9a.

50
Q

Factor 9a catalyses activation of what? What other factor also does this?

A

Factor 10 to factor 10a.

Factor 8a.

51
Q

Factor 10a converts what to what? Thrombin converts what to what?

A

Prothrombin to thrombin. Soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin- secures and builds up blood clot.

52
Q

Extrinsic pathway begins with what protein? Located where? This binds what factor to form what? This catalyses activation of what?

A

Tissue factor- on outer plasma membrane of tissue cells e.g. fibroblasts and other cells outside endothelium.
Factor 7 to form factor 7a.
Factor into factor 10a.

53
Q

Factor 7a- tissue factor complex also catalyses what?

A

Activation of factor 9- activates more factor 10 via intrinsic pathway.

54
Q

Which pathway is more prominent? Thrombin initially generated only by what pathway? Amount too little to do what? Large enough to do what?

A

The extrinsic- factor 12 plays little if any role. Extrinsic pathway.
Produce sustained coagulation- trigger thrombin’s positive feedback on intrinsic pathway.

55
Q

Liver does what in clotting?

A

Produces many of plasma clotting factors, produces bile salts needed for absorption of vitamin K which liver uses to produce prothrombin and other factors.

56
Q

How is fibrin clot used in damaged vessel? Plasminogen is converted into what? This breaks down what?

A

Temporary fix until permanent repair.

Plasmin- breaks fibrin down and entire blood clot.

Phase 1 Flashcards (35 decks)

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