Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
The term meaning toward the stomach side is ________ , and its opposite is ________ .
A
ventral
dorsal
2
Q
The term meaning toward the midline is ________ , and its opposite is ________ .
A
medial
lateral
3
Q
If two structures are on the same side of the body, they are ________ to each other. If they are on opposite sides, they are ________ .
A
ipsilateral
contralateral
4
Q
A plane that shows structures as viewed from the left or right side is called what?
A
sagittal
5
Q
What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord?
A
The dorsal roots contain sensory input and the ventral roots contain motor output.
6
Q
Why do most cold remedies increase heart rate and blood pressure?
A
These drugs block the parasympathetic nervous system.
7
Q
Of the following, which one is part of the forebrain?
a. Pons
b. Hippocampus c. Superior colliculus d. Cerebellum
A
b. Hippocampus
8
Q
The pituitary gland is attached to which brain structure?
A
Hypothalamus
9
Q
Which system contains the brain and the spinal cord?
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
10
Q
Which system connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body?
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
11
Q
Part of the PNS is the _____ which consists of the axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles.
A
somatic nervous system
12
Q
Which system controls the heart, intestines, and other organs?
A
autonomic nervous system
13
Q
The _____ has some of its cell bodies within the brain or spinal cord and some in clusters along the sides of the spinal cord.
A
autonomic nervous system
14
Q
The_____ system is the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
A
peripheral nervous
15
Q
means toward the back
A
dorsal
16
Q
means toward the stomach
A
ventral
17
Q
In a four-legged animal, the top of the brain is ____(on the same side as the animal’s back), and the bottom of the brain is_____ (on the stomach side).
A
dorsal
ventral
18
Q
The dorsal–ventral axis of the human brain is at a right angle to the dorsal–ventral axis of the ____
A
spinal cord.
19
Q
The bulges in the cerebral cortex are called ____. The grooves between them are called ____.
A
gyri
sulci
20
Q
Spinal cord
A
Part of the CNS within the spinal column
Communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head
It is a segmented structure, and each segment has on each side a sensory nerve and a motor nerve
21
Q
In the nervous system, entering ____ roots (axon bundles) carry sensory information, and the exiting ventral roots carry ____information.
A
dorsal
motor
22
Q
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord
A
dorsal root ganglia
23
Q
____ is the plural of ganglion, a cluster of neurons. In most cases, a neuron cluster outside the CNS is called a ______, and a cluster inside the CNS is called a nucleus.
A
Ganglia
ganglion
24
Q
Cell bodies of the motor neurons are ____ the spinal cord.
A
inside
25
H-shaped gray matter in the center of the cord is densely packed with ___and ____
cell bodies and dendrites.
26
Many neurons from the gray matter of the spinal cord send ____ to the brain or to other parts of the spinal cord through the white matter, containing _____
axons
| myelinated axons.
27
Toward the front end
Anterior
28
Toward the rear end
Posterior
29
Above another part
Superior
30
Below another part
Inferior
31
Toward the side, away from the midline
Lateral
32
Toward the midline, away from the side
Medial
33
Located close (approximate) to the point of origin or attachment
Proximal
34
Located more distant from the point of origin or attachment
Distal
35
On the same side of the body (e.g., two parts on the left or two on the right)
Ipsilateral
36
On the opposite side of the body (one on the left and one on the right)
Contralateral
37
A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front
Coronal plane (or frontal plane)
38
A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side
Sagittal plane
39
A plane that shows brain structures as seen from above
Horizontal plane (or transverse plane)
40
A row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
Lamina
41
A set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similar properties
Column
42
A set of axons within the CNS, also known as a projection. If axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synapses onto B, we say that the fibers “project” from A onto B.
Tract
43
A set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS
Nerve
44
A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
Nucleus
45
A cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS (as in the sympathetic nervous system)
Ganglion
46
A protuberance on the surface of the brain
Gyrus (pl.: gyri)
47
A fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another
Sulcus (pl.: sulci)
48
A long, deep sulcus
Fissure
49
Cell bodies and dendrites reside entirely in the ____
gray matter
50
Axons travel from one area of gray matter to another in the ____.
white matter
51
Each segment of the spinal cord sends sensory information to the ____and ____ motor commands from the brain.
brain
| receives
52
Information passes through tracts of ____in the spinal cord.
axons
53
If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain ____ sensation from that segment and below.
The brain also loses ____over all parts of the body served by that segment and the lower ones.
loses
motor control
54
two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System are the ___ and ___
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
55
_______ a network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigorous activity, consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal cord’s central regions (the thoracic and lumbar areas)
The sympathetic nervous system
56
In the sympathetic nervous system, these ____are connected by axons to the spinal cord.
ganglia
57
Which nervous system describes below:
Prepare the organs for “fight or flight”—increasing breathing and heart rate and decreasing digestive activity.
The sweat glands, the adrenal glands, the muscles that constrict blood vessels, and the muscles that erect the hairs of the skin
Sympathetic nervous system
58
Facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses.
parasympathetic nervous system
59
Decreases heart rate
parasympathetic nervous system
60
Which nervous system promotes sexual arousal, including erection in males.
parasympathetic nervous system
61
Also known as the craniosacral system because it consists of the cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal cord
parasympathetic nervous system
62
Unlike the ganglia in the sympathetic system, the _____ ganglia are not arranged in a chain near the spinal cord. Rather, long preganglionic axons extend from the spinal cord to _____ganglia close to each internal organ. Shorter postganglionic fibers then extend from the______ ganglia into the organs themselves. Because the _____ ganglia are not linked to one another, they act more independently than the sympathetic ganglia do. _____ activity decreases heart rate, increases digestive rate, and in general, conserves energy.
```
parasympathetic
parasympathetic
parasympathetic
parasympathetic
Parasympathetic
```
63
The _____ nervous system’s axons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine onto the organs
parasympathetic
64
Most sympathetic nervous system axons release _____, although a few, such as those onto the sweat glands, use _____
norepinephrine
| acetylcholine.
65
Because the two systems (parasympathetic & sympathetic) use different _____, certain drugs excite or inhibit one system or the other.
transmitters
66
Over-the-counter cold remedies exert most of their effects by blocking ____ activity or increasing ____ activity.
parasympathetic
| sympathetic
67
The flow of sinus fluids is a ____ response, drugs that block the ____ system inhibit sinus flow.
parasympathetic
| parasympathetic
68
The side effects of cold remedies stem from their pro-sympathetic, antiparasympathetic activities: They increase ____, ___, ___ and ___. They ____salivation and digestion.
heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, and arousal
| inhibit
69
Certain decongestant pills containing_____ have been withdrawn or restricted because of their potential for abuse.
pseudoephedrine
70
Sensory nerves enter which side of the spinal cord, dorsal or ventral?
Dorsal
71
Which functions are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system? Which are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the organs for vigorous fight-or-flight activity. The parasympathetic system increases vegetative responses such as digestion.
72
The brain has three major divisions
the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain
73
Prosencephalon
Forebrain
| “forward-brain”
74
“between-brain”
Diencephalon
75
Thalamus, hypothalamus are major structures of
Diencephalon
76
“end-brain”
Telencephalon
77
Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia are major structures of
Telencephalon
78
Midbrain
Mesencephalon
| “middle-brain”
79
Tectum, tegmentum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra are major structures of
Midbrain
80
Hindbrain
Rhombencephalon
| literally, “parallelogram-brain”
81
Medulla, pons, cerebellum are major structures of
Hindbrain
82
The medulla and pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain constitute the____
brainstem
83
The ____, or ____, is just above the spinal cord and can be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord into the skull. The ____ controls vital reflexes—including breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing—through the cranial nerves.
medulla or medulla oblongata
| medulla
84
Control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs.
Cranial Nerves
85
Damage to the ____ is frequently fatal, and large doses of opiates are life-threatening because they suppress activity of the ____.
medulla
| medulla
86
The receptors and muscles of the head and organs connect to the brain by _____
12 pairs of cranial nerves
87
Each cranial nerve originates in a ____ (cluster of neurons) that integrates the sensory information, regulates the motor output, or ____
nucleus
| both.
88
The nuclei for cranial nerves V through XII are in the ___ and ____
medulla and pons.
89
The nuclei for cranial nerves I through IV are in the ___and ____
midbrain and forebrain
90
Cranial Nerve I
| Olfactory
smell
91
Cranial Nerve II
| Optic
Vision
92
Cranial Nerve III
| Oculomotor
Control of eye movement
| pupil restriction
93
Cranial Nerve IV
| Trochlear
Control of eye movement
94
Cranial Nerve V
| Trigeminal
Skin sensation from most of the face
| Control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing
95
Cranial Nerve VI
| Abducens
control of eye movements
96
Cranial Nerve VII
| Facial
taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
| Control of facial expressions: crying, salivation & dialation of the head's blood vessels
97
Cranial Nerve VIII
| Stratoacoustic
hearing
| equilibrium
98
Cranial Nerve IX
| Glossopharangeal
Taste and other sensations from throat
Posterior 3rd of the tongue
Control of swallowing, salivation
Throat movements during speech
99
Cranial Nerve X
| Vagus
sensations from neck and thorax
Control of throat, esophagus & larynx
Parasympathetic nerves to stomach, intestines and other organs
100
Cranial Nerve XI
| Accessory
Control of neck and shoulder movements
101
Cranial Nerve XII
| Hypoglossal
Control of tongue muscles
102
Which cranial nerves control eye movement?
3, 4 & 6
103
Which cranial nerves control taste, tongue control and throat movements?
7, 9 & 12
104
Where does Olfactory nerve connect?
connects directly to the olfactory bulbs of the forebrain.
105
What structure lies anterior and ventral to the medulla.
pons
106
____,like the medulla, it contains nuclei for several cranial nerves.
pons
107
Latin for “bridge”
Axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord so that the left hemisphere controls the muscles of the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side.
pons
108
Large hindbrain structure with many deep folds
control of movement
balance and coordination
Cerebellum
109
People with damage to the ____ have trouble shifting their attention back and forth between auditory and visual stimuli (Courchesne et al., 1994). They have difficulty with timing, such as judging whether one rhythm is faster than another.
cerebellum
110
Starts in the middle of the brain
In adult mammals it is dwarfed and surrounded by the forebrain
More prominent in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
Midbrain
111
Roof of the midbrain is
tectum
112
The swellings on each side of the tectum are ___ and ___
superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus
113
The inferior colliculus for
hearing
114
Superior colliculus for
vision.
115
Under the tectum
Intermediate level of the midbrain
In Latin, tegmentum means a “covering,” such as a rug on the floor.
Covers several other midbrain structures
tegmentum
116
substantia nigra
midbrain structure
Gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.
117
Most prominent part of the mammalian brain
Consists of two cerebral hemispheres, one on the left and one on the right
Each hemisphere is organized to receive sensory information, mostly from the contralateral (opposite) side of the body, and to control muscles, mostly on the contralateral side, by way of axons to the spinal cord and the cranial nerve nuclei.
Forebrain
118
Cerebral cortex
outer portion
Cerebrum is a Latin word meaning “brain.” Cortex is a Latin word for “bark” or “shell.”
Under the cerebral cortex are other structures, including the thalamus and the basal ganglia.
119
Limbic system
interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem
Limbus, the Latin word for “border”
Important for motivations and emotions, such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety, and aggression.
Includes the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex.
120
Thalamus
pair of structures (left and right) in the center of the forebrain
Greek word meaning “anteroom,” “inner chamber,” or “bridal bed.”
Most sensory information goes first to the thalamus, which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex.
121
Which type of information is an exception to the thalamus?
Progresses from the olfactory receptors to the olfactory bulbs and then directly to the cerebral cortex.
Olfactory information; it goes from the olfactory receptors to the olfactory bulbs and then directly to the cerebral cortex
122
How does the thalamus receive input?
Many nuclei of the thalamus receive their input from a sensory system, such as vision, and transmit information to a single area of the cerebral cortex.
The cerebral cortex sends information back to the thalamus, prolonging and magnifying certain kinds of input and focusing attention on particular stimuli
123
Hypothalamus
- small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus
- widespread connections with the rest of the brain
- contains a number of distinct nuclei on motivation and emotion
- Partly through nerves and partly through hypothalamic hormones, the hypothalamus conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones.
- damage leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, or activity level
124
pituitary gland
- endocrine (hormone-producing) gland
- attached to the base of the hypothalamus by a stalk -
- contains neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue
- In response to messages from the hypothalamus, the pituitary synthesizes hormones that the blood carries to organs throughout the body.
125
basal ganglia
- group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus
- include three major structures: the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus
- The thalamus is in the center, the basal ganglia are lateral to it, and the cerebral cortex is on the outside.
- damage impairs movement, as in conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease.
- integrate motivational and emotional behavior to increase the vigor of selected actions.
- critical for learning and remembering skills and habits, as well as other types of learning that develop gradually with extended experience.
126
Basal Forebrain
- One of the structures on the ventral surface of the forebrain, the nucleus basalis
- receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex
- nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain’s system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention, as we consider in the chapter on sleep. Patients with Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease have impairments of attention and intellect because of inactivity or deterioration of their nucleus basalis.
127
hippocampus
- Latin word meaning “sea horse,”
| - large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, mostly toward the posterior of the forebrain
128
Of the following, which are in the hindbrain, which in the midbrain, and which in the forebrain: basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla, pituitary gland, pons, substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi, tectum, tegmentum, thalamus?
Hindbrain: cerebellum, medulla, and pons. Midbrain: substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi, tectum, and tegmentum. Forebrain: basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, and thalamus.
129
Which area is the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
130
Ventricles
-four fluid-filled cavities within the brain
131
central canal
a fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord
132
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
a clear fluid similar to blood plasma produced by choroid plexus in the brain ventricles
133
meninges
membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
134
The vertebrate nervous system has two main divisions, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. True or False?
True
135
Each segment of the spinal cord has a sensory nerve and a motor nerve on both the left and right sides. Spinal pathways convey information to the brain. True or False?
True
136
The sympathetic nervous system (one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system) activates the body’s internal organs for vigorous activities. The parasympathetic system (the other division) promotes digestion and other nonemergency processes. True or False
True
137
The central nervous system consists of the spinal cord, the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. True or False
True
138
The hindbrain consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. The medulla and pons control breathing, heart rate, and other vital functions through the cranial nerves. The cerebellum contributes to movement and timing short intervals. True or False
True
139
The cerebral cortex receives its sensory information (except for olfaction) from the thalamus. True or False
True
140
The subcortical areas of the forebrain include the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, and hippocampus. True or False
True
141
The cerebral ventricles contain fluid that provides buoyancy and cushioning for the brain. True or False
True
