Bethany's Notes (Chapter 3)

Question 1

parts of forebrain

Answer 1

hypothalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, pituitary gland

Question 2

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)

Answer 2

• application of intense magnetic field to portion of scalp to temporarily deactivate or stimulate neurons below the magnet
• allows researchers to study behavior with a brain area inactive, then active, then inactive again

Question 3

MEG (Magnetoencephalograph)

Answer 3

similar to EEG, but measures faint magnetic field generated by brain activity instead

Question 4

EEG (Electroencephalograph)

Answer 4

records electrical brain activity produced by various brain regions

Question 5

autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

sends info to heart and other organs

parasympathetic: fight or flight
sympathetic: rest, digest & sex

Question 6

metabotropic effect

Answer 6

neurotransmitter activating G protein; G protein activates second messenger system which can change cell
* longer than ionotropic - takes up to 30ms

Question 7

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 7

temporal lobe

Question 8

What lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary motor cortex?

Answer 8

frontal lobe

Question 9

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 9

parietal lobe

Question 10

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary visual cortex?

Answer 10

occipital lobe

Question 11

Ritalin (methylphenidate)

Answer 11

blocks reuptake of dopamine and other receptors; similar to cocaine

Question 12

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Answer 12

releases dopamine and serotonin

Question 13

hyperpolarization

Answer 13

increases negative charge in membrane; increases polarization

Question 14

frontal lobe

Answer 14

responsible for personality; planning of movement, recent memory, emotion

Question 15

basal ganglia function?

damage results in?

Answer 15

responsible for movement, learning, remembering skills and habits; damage to basal ganglia results in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s

Question 16

occipital lobe

function? damage results in?

Answer 16

responsible for sight

destruction of striate cortex results in cortical blindness

Question 17

pituitary gland

anterior? posterior?

Answer 17

endocrine gland attached to base of hypothalamus

• anterior pituitary: composed of glandular tissue and synthesizes six hormones
• posterior pituitary: composed of neural tissue and can be considered an extension of the hypothalamus

Question 18

sodium/potassium pump ratios

Answer 18

puts out 3 Na+ ions; takes in 2 K+ ions

Question 19

hypothalamus function?

Answer 19

regulation; sends messages to pituitary gland through nerves and hormones

Question 20

parietal lobe function?

Answer 20

lies between occipital lobe and central sulcus; responsible for body sensations; essential for spatial and numerical information

Question 21

temporal lobe function?

Answer 21

responsible for hearing and advanced visual processing

Question 22

cerebellum

Answer 22

most well-known for control of balance

Question 23

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer 23

apply a powerful magnetic field to image the brain

Question 24

spatial summation

Answer 24

summation over space

Question 25

ionotropic effect

Answer 25

neurotransmitter binds to receptor forces receptor to open a channel, letting ions through fast process- occurs in less than a millisecond

Question 26

oligodendrocytes

Answer 26

located in brain and spinal cord; build myelin sheath

Question 27

superior colliculus function?

Answer 27

responsible for hearing

Question 28

inferior colliculus

Answer 28

responsible for vision

Question 29

pons

Answer 29

contains nuclei for several cranial nerves

Question 30

radial glia

Answer 30

guide migration of neurons during embryonic development

Question 31

fMRI

Answer 31

modified version of MRI that uses oxygen consumption in the brain to provide a moving and detailed picture

Question 32

schwann cells

Answer 32

in periphery of body; same function as oligodendrocytes

Question 33

PET

Answer 33

records emission of radioactivity from injected radioactive chemicals to produce a high resolution image

Question 34

substantia nigra

Answer 34

gives rise to dopamine containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement

Question 35

nucleus basalis

Answer 35

located on ventral surface of forebrain | receives input from hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine

Question 36

medulla

Answer 36

can be regarded as enlarged extension of spinal cord | controls vital reflexes: breathing, heart rate, vomiting etc. through cranial nerves

Question 37

cannabinoids

Answer 37

stimulates serotonin type 2 A receptors

Question 38

thalamus

Answer 38

switchboard; 98% of sensory information goes to thalamus

Question 39

monamine oxidase

Answer 39

chemicals that break down excess levels of some neurotransmitters

Question 40

temporal summation

Answer 40

summation over time

Question 41

Which membrane gates open during EPSP?

Answer 41

sodium; allows sodium to flow into neuron

Question 42

the limbic system consists of

Answer 42

- olfactory bulb - amygdala - hippocampus - mamillary body - hypothalamus - thalamus - cingulate gyrus

Question 43

Which membrane gates open during IPSP?

Answer 43

potassium; allowing potassium ions to leave cell, making neuron negative

Question 44

midbrain consists of

Answer 44

substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi, tectum, tegmentum

Question 45

Where are ions concentrated in a neuron when the membrane is at rest?

Answer 45

Na+ ions more concentrated outside cell, K+ ions more concentrated inside of cell

Question 46

cocaine

Answer 46

blocks reuptake of dopamine and other neurotransmitters

Question 47

depolarization

Answer 47

reducing a neuron's polarization toward 0

Question 48

lesion

Answer 48

damage done to brain area; often done for research

Question 49

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 49

connects brain and spinal cord to rest of body

Question 50

2 ways negative feedback is accomplished

Answer 50

1. autoreceptors: receptors that detect the amount of transmitter released and inhibit further synthesis and release 2. postsynaptic neurons: respond to stimulation by releasing chemicals that travel back to the presynaptic terminal where they inhibit further release

Question 51

astrocytes

Answer 51

wrap around presynaptic terminal of a group of functionally related axons surrounds synapse and shields it from other chemicals

Question 52

microglia

Answer 52

tiny cells that act as part of immune system

Question 53

catecholimines

Answer 53

norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine

Question 54

CAT

Answer 54

inject dye into blood and pass X rays through head

Question 55

Ablation

Answer 55

removal of brain area

Question 56

hindbrain

Answer 56

cerebellum, medulla, pons

Question 57

stereotaxic instrument

Answer 57

used to damage structures in interior of brain