Learning and memory chapter 13

Question 1

Which is not directly involved in contemplating moral decisions?

Answer 1

hypothalamus

which is involved with hormone production and regulation

Question 2

Women have more activity in the ____ amygdala and are better at remembering ____.

Answer 2

Left amygdala

details

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

ie: Pavlov’s dogs and bell

Question 4

engram

Answer 4

neural connections of memory; learned response

Question 5

all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behaviors

Answer 5

Equipotentiality

Question 6

the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better

Answer 6

Mass action

Question 7

Striatum nucleus

Answer 7

primary input to basil ganglia

consists of Caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 8

brain structure involved with memory

Answer 8

hippocampus

Question 9

Many brain areas involved in memory including:

Answer 9

hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala, striatum, left parietal cortex, prefrontal regions; synaptic plasticity

Question 10

Encoding which is turning experiences into neural firing ; which areas of the brain are responsible?

Answer 10

Hippocampus

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 11

Which brain structure is responsible for consolidation of memory?

Answer 11

Hippocampus

Question 12

Which would be negative reinforcement?

Praise
Taking away a hated chore
Shocking someone
Taking away a favorite game

Answer 12

Taking away a hated chore

Question 13

All parts of the cortex
contribute to complex functioning and behaviors:

Mass Action
Amnesia
Instrumental Conditioning
Equipotentiality

Answer 13

Equipotentiality

Question 14

This is associated with encoding but not consolidation:

Striate Cortex
Hippocampus
Prefrontal Cortex
Hypothalamus

Answer 14

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 15

Lateral Interpositus nucleus (LIP) of the cerebellum

Answer 15

Responses increase as learning proceeds

Necessary for learning and retention

Correlational

Question 16

Suppression of activity in the ____ & ___ led to a condition in which the subject displayed no previous learning

Answer 16

LIP

red nucleus

Question 17

when two neurons are active simultaneously the synapse between them will become strengthened

Answer 17

Hebb rule

Question 18

Hebbian learning is called ___which means

Answer 18

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

leads to an increase in number of receptors and amount of neurotransmitters

Question 19

A Hebbian synapse occurs

Answer 19

when the successful stimulation of a cell by an axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate that cell in the future due to simultaneous activity in the
presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Such synapses may be critical for many kinds of associative learning

Question 20

Long term memory

Answer 20

long-term memory can be stimulated

with a cue/hint

Question 21

Short term memory

Answer 21

limited capacity
fades quickly without rehearsal
retrieval of memories lost from STM do not benefit from the presence of a cue

Question 22

Two neurotransmiters enhance consolidation of

recent experiences

Answer 22

Epinephrine and cortisol

Question 23

Emphasis on temporary storage of information to actively attend to it and work on it for a period of time.

Alternative to short-term memory

Common test is the delayed response task which requires responding to something you heard or saw a
short while ago

prefrontal cortex for the storage of this information

elevated levels of calcium (ion) to potentiate later responses

Answer 23

Working memory

Question 24

What are affects of removal of hippocampi, parahippocampal gyri, and amygdalae?

Answer 24

Inability to form new explicit memories

Still able to form new procedural memories, but no memory of having learned the new tasks

Working memory was intact

Also able to acquire new spatial memories, possibly due to partially intact parahippocampal gyrus

Question 25

_____ damage is associated with anterograde amnesia

Answer 25

Hippocampal

Question 26

ability to develop motor skills (remembering or learning how to do things)

Answer 26

Procedural memory

Question 27

ability to recall single personal | events

Answer 27

Episodic memory

Question 28

ability to state a memory into words

Answer 28

Declarative memory

Question 29

deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory

Answer 29

Explicit memory (declarative memory)

Question 30

the influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing one is using memory

Answer 30

Implicit memory

Question 31

What condition has the following characteristics? Normal working memory Difficulty forming new declarative memories Some degree of retrograde amnesia Better implicit than explicit memory Nearly intact procedural memory

Answer 31

People with amnesia generally show this pattern

Question 32

The ____ learns a strategy that leads to a | correct response and develops a pattern and learns a strategy that leads to a correct response and develops a pattern

Answer 32

basal ganglia

Question 33

Parkinson’s disease: impairments of the ____ can’t develop implicit memory

Answer 33

basal ganglia

Question 34

involves both declarative and implicit memory “Normal” people learn it slowly under conditions of extreme distraction, similar to the learning of those with hippocampal damage

Answer 34

The “weather task”

Question 35

conclusions from the weather task test?

Answer 35

There is not a strict separation between basal ganglia tasks and hippocampal tasks All tasks activate both areas, and one type of memory can shift to another

Question 36

Two common types of brain damage include

Answer 36

Korsakoff’s syndrome | Alzheimer’s disease

Question 37

Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency Impedes the ability of the brain to metabolize glucose Leads to a loss of or shrinkage of neurons in the brain Often due to chronic alcoholism Symptoms include apathy(lack of interest enthusiasm or concern), confusion, forgetting, and confabulation (taking guesses to fill in gaps in memory)

Answer 37

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 38

Associated with a gradually progressive loss of memory (especially declarative memory) Often occurring in old age Early onset seems to be influenced by genes, but 99% of cases are late onset About half of all patients with late onset have no known relative with the disease Associated with an accumulation and clumping of the following brain proteins: Amyloid beta protein, which produces widespread atrophy of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and other areas An abnormal form of the tau protein, part of the intracellular support system of neurons Patterns of proteins vary Accumulation of the amyloid beta and tau proteins results in: Neurofibrillary Tangles Twisted pairs of helical filaments within the neurons Similar to microtubules, which assist normal cell transport; disrupt neuron’s structural matrix Amyloid Plaques • Deposits containing aluminum silicate and amyloid peptides • Buildup of proteins • Both exist in healthy older brains, but in greater numbers No known drug is effective for treatment

Answer 38

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 39

A common treatment involves enhancing acetylcholine activity, thus increasing arousal Curcumin: component o fIndian spice (tumeric) that has been shown to inhibit amyloid-beta deposits and phosphate attachment to tau proteins Animal research has been done and human research is just beginning

Answer 39

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 40

___ associated with fear learning

Answer 40

Amygdala

Question 41

____ associated with piecing information | together

Answer 41

Parietal lobe

Question 42

____and ____region of the ____ is responsible for | semantic memory

Answer 42

Anterior inferior temporal lobe

Question 43

____ (loss of semantic memory if both hemispheres damaged)

Answer 43

Semantic dementia

Question 44

Damage to the ___results in people opting for immediate reward

Answer 44

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 45

Prefrontal cortex, Basal ganglia, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex involved with learning about ____

Answer 45

rewards and punishments

Question 46

____corresponded to | storage of verbal material

Answer 46

Left posterior parietal cortex

Question 47

Spatial working memory in ____

Answer 47

Right posterior parietal cortex

Question 48

____was noted in Broca's area (IFG), part of the | premotor cortex, and part of the supplementary motor area

Answer 48

Rehearsal

Question 49

patients who had early____ but intact limbic cortex of Medial temporal lobe could not recall anything that happened to them during the day but had excellent memory for facts and did well in school

Answer 49

hippocampal damage

Question 50

___ and ___ govern skill performance and procedural knowledge

Answer 50

Basal ganglia | motor regions

Question 51

_____is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli Depends upon a change in the synapse between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons Sensory neurons fail to excite motor neurons as they did previously

Answer 51

Habituation

Question 52

____is an increase in response to a mild stimulus as a result to previous exposure to more intense stimuli Changes at identified synapses include: Serotonin released from a facilitating neuron blocks potassium channels in the presynaptic neuron; Prolonged release of transmitter from that neuron results in prolonged ___

Answer 52

Sensitization

Question 53

____ occurs when one or more axons bombard a dendrite with stimulation leaves the synapse"___” for a period of time and the neuron is more responsive cellular basis of learning and memory include: Specificity: only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become strengthened Cooperativity: simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces ___much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon Associativity: pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others

Answer 53

Long-term potentiation (LTP) potentiated LTP

Question 54

The opposite of LTP: as one synapse strengthens, | another ___

Answer 54

weakens

Question 55

Biochemical mechanisms of____are known to depend on changes at glutamate and GABA primarily in the postsynaptic neuron This occurs at several types of receptor sites including the ionotropic receptors: AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors

Answer 55

LTP

Question 56

___in hippocampal neurons occurs as follows: • Repeated glutamate excitation of AMPA receptors depolarizes the membrane • The depolarization removes magnesium ions that had been blocking NMDA receptors • Glutamate is then able to excite the NMDA receptors, opening a channel for calcium ions to enter the neuron

Answer 56

LTP

Question 57

Entry of calcium through the NMDA channel triggers further changes in ___: Activation of a protein sets a series of events in motion More AMPA receptors are built and dendritic branching is increased These changes increase the later responsiveness of the dendrite to incoming glutamate

Answer 57

LTP

Question 58

Changes in the presynaptic neuron can also cause ___ Extensive stimulation of a postsynaptic cell causes the release of a retrograde transmitter that travels back to the presynaptic cell to cause the following changes: Decrease in action potential threshold Increase neurotransmitter release Expansion of the axons Transmitter release from additional sites

Answer 58

LTP

Question 59

____reflects increased activity by the presynaptic neuron and increased responsiveness by the postsynaptic neuron is important for certain types of learning, but as time passes, it is more dependent on the cerebral cortex A shift to the cerebral cortex has been shown after one day and several years in research

Answer 59

LTP

Question 60

___and ___enhance learning by increasing arousal

Answer 60

Caffeine and Ritalin

Question 61

condition characterized by memory loss, confusion, depression, restlessness, hallucinations, delusions, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite

Answer 61

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 62

memory loss

Answer 62

amnesia

Question 63

a protein that accumulates to higher than normal levels in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 63

amyloid-B

Question 64

inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage

Answer 64

anterograde amnesia

Question 65

response evoked by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 65

conditioned response (CR)

Question 66

stimulus that evokes a particular response only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 66

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 67

a distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome in which patients fill in memory gaps with guesses

Answer 67

confabulation

Question 68

to strengthen a memory and make it more long-lasting

Answer 68

consolidation

Question 69

deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory

Answer 69

declarative memory

Question 70

task in which an animal sees a sample object and then after a delay must choose an objet that matches the sample

Answer 70

delayed matching-to-sample task

Question 71

task in which an animal sees an object and then after a delay must choose an object that does not match the sample

Answer 71

delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

Question 72

assignment in which an animal must respond on the basis of a signal that it remembers but that is no longer present

Answer 72

delayed response task

Question 73

physical representation of what has been learned

Answer 73

engra

Question 74

memories of single personal events

Answer 74

episodic memory

Question 75

concept that all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors; any part of the cortex can substitute for any other

Answer 75

equipotentiality

Question 76

deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory

Answer 76

explicit memory

Question 77

an influence of experience on behavior, even if the influence is not recognized

Answer 77

implicit memory

Question 78

a type of condition in which reinforcement or punishment changes the future probabilities of a given behavior

Answer 78

instrumental conditioning | operant conditioning

Question 79

brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency

Answer 79

Korsakoff’s syndrome | Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 80

a nucleus of the cerebellum that is essential for learning

Answer 80

lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)

Question 81

memory of events that occurred further back in time

Answer 81

long-term memory

Question 82

concept that the cortex works as a whole and the more cortex, the better

Answer 82

mass action

Question 83

an event that suppresses the frequency of the preceding response

Answer 83

punishment

Question 84

loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage

Answer 84

retrograde amnesia

Question 85

memory of factual information

Answer 85

semantic memory

Question 86

memory of events that have just occurred

Answer 86

short-term memory

Question 87

part of the intracellular support structure of axons

Answer 87

tau protein

Question 88

response automatically evoked by an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 88

unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 89

stimulus that automatically evokes an unconditioned response

Answer 89

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 90

storage of memory while one is working with it

Answer 90

working memory