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PSYC 355 > Structure of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system made of?

A

Neurons and glia (nervous tissue)

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2
Q

what do neurons do?

A

Communicate with other neurons

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3
Q

What does glia do?

A

Support neural function and clears out debris, toxins and bacteria from the brain

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4
Q

What is the central nervous system composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

Nerves

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6
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic (SNS) and Autonomic (ANS)

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7
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

fight/flight response

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9
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Feed or breed (rest or digest)

digestion, calm, formation of sex cells, etc

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10
Q

What is the name of the 1st phase of the development of the CNS?

A

Gastrulation

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11
Q

What happens 5 days after fertilization of an ocyte by a sperm?

A

A blastocyst (fluid-filled ball) begins to form

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12
Q

What is into a blastocyst?

A

The embryonic disk: mass of cells that develop within the blastocyst and will become an organism

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13
Q

What does the blastocyst transform into? What is this process called?

A

The gastrula, through gastrulation

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of cells composing the gastrula?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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15
Q

What will the ectoderm form eventually?

A

Nervous system and skin

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16
Q

What will the mesoderm form eventually?

A

muscles, skeleton and internal organs, circulatory system

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17
Q

What will the endoderm form eventually?

A

digestive system, lungs and glands

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18
Q

What is neurulation?

A

developmental process by which the neural tube is formed

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19
Q

What is the step after gastrulation?

A

the edges of the ectoderm raise and become neural folds, this results in a central depression called neural groove

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20
Q

What is the notochord?

A

will serve of skeleton to the embryo until the vertebrae forms (made of cells from the mesoderm)

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21
Q

What part of the gastrula will become the spinal cord?

A

The neural plate (neural folds+neural groove)

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22
Q

What will happen to the neural folds?

A

They will move towards each other and fuse, forming the neural tube

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23
Q

What is the neural crest made of

A

Cells from the ectoderm migrating to both sides of the neural tube

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24
Q

What role does the mesoderm play in neurulation?

A

It forms protusions (somites) on either side of the neural tube, which will make the vertebras

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25
Q

When does the neural tube expands to become the primary brain vesicles?

A

25 days after conception

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26
Q

What part of the neural tube will form the primary brain vesicles?

A

The rostral end

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27
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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28
Q

After how much time will the primary brain vesicles become secondary brain vesicles?

A

40 days after conception

29
Q

What secondary brain vesicles are associated with the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

30
Q

What secondary brain vesicle are associated with the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

31
Q

What secondary brain vesicle are associated with the hindbrain?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

32
Q

What parts of the brain will the telencephalon become?

A

the brain hemispheres (cortex), the basal ganglia, the olfactory bulb, the hippocampus and the amygdala

33
Q

What parts of the brain will the diencephalon become?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

34
Q

What parts of the brain will the mesencephalon become?

A

The tectum (superior colliculus and inferior colliculus), and the tegmentum (periaqueductal gray matter, substantia nigra and red nucleus)

35
Q

What parts of the brain will the metencephalon become?

A

The cerebellum and the pons

36
Q

What parts of the brain will the myelencephalon become?

A

The medulla

37
Q

What are the roles of the circumvolutions on the surface of the brain?

A
  • Can augment the surface area of the cortex
  • Have roles in enhancing connectivity between neurons
  • Serve as anatomical landmarks useful for designating specific brain areas (ex: interhemispheric fissure)
38
Q

What important structures are in the frontal lobes?

A

Broca’s area (left lobe), precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

39
Q

What important structures are in the parietal lobes?

A

The primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus), the posterior parietal cortex, and the medial parietal region

40
Q

What important structures are in the temporal lobes?

A

Wernicke’s area, and primary auditory cortex

41
Q

What important structures are in the occipital lobes?

A

Primary visual cortex

42
Q

What is the Broca’s area responsible for?

A

speech production

43
Q

What is the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) responsible for?

A

body movement

44
Q

What is the primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) responsible for?

A

Sensation in parts of the body

45
Q

What is the posterior parietal cortex responsible for?

A

Proprioception (ability to sense the position of the body)

46
Q

What is the medial parietal region responsible for?

A

“route knowledge”

47
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

understanding language

48
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex responsible for?

A

analyze of sounds

49
Q

What is the primary visual cortex responsible for?

A

Where visual information is 1st analyzed

50
Q

What are the 3 subcortical structures

A

The basal ganglia, the hippocampus and the amygdala

51
Q

What is the basal ganglia composed of (3 nuclei)

A
  • Ventral striatum (nucleus acumbens)
  • Dorsal Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
  • Substantia Nigra
52
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for?

A

smooth exectution of movements and selection of appropriate actions

53
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Plays a role in memory and in spatial environment navigation

54
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

processing emotions and fear

55
Q

What are the 2 structures of the forebrain?

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon

56
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

rely station between sensory receptors and interpreting brain regions (except for smells)

57
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

major player in body homeostasis and in the release of hormones

58
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for?

A

Motor movements, auditory and visual processing

59
Q

What is the midbrain (mesencephalon) composed of?

A

The tectum (superior and inferior colliculus) and tegmentum

60
Q

What is the hindbrain composed of?

A

The pons, the medulla and the cerebellum

61
Q

How is the spinal cord divided in terms of spinal nerves?

A
  • 8 cervical (8 spinal nerves)
  • 12 thoracic (12 spinal nerves)
  • 5 lumbar (5 spinal nerves)
  • 5 sacral (5 spinal nerves)
  • 3 coccygeal (1 spinal nerve)
62
Q

How many spinal nerves are there considering we have 33 vertebras? why?

A

31 spinal nerves; the 2 last coccygeal vertebrae do not have a corresponding spinal nerve

63
Q

What is the grey matter in the spinal cord made of?

A

cell bodies of neurons (ventral and dorsal roots are made of this)

64
Q

What is the white matter in the spinal cord made of?

A

axons of the neurons (carry info from and to the brain)

65
Q

Where do sensory nerve fibers enter the spinal cord through?

A

The dorsal nerve root (made of ascending fibers)

66
Q

Where do motor nerve fibers exit the spinal cord through?

A

Ventral nerve roots (descending fibers)

67
Q

What are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic NS (brain and major muscles/sensory systems) and Autonomic NS (brain and viscera; sympathetic and parasympathetic NS)

68
Q

What are the 3 layers of protection of the brain?

A
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Blood-brain barrier
69
Q

What are the 3 parts of the meninges?

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid
Dura mater

PSYC 355 (22 decks)

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