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PSYC 355 > Drug and Addiction > Flashcards

Drug and Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

What happens if there is no reuptake?

A

You have a lingering effect of that neurotransmitter in the synapse
Depending in the neurotransmitter, this could have various effects

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2
Q

What is a drug?

A

Chemical or mixture of chemicals that alters physiological functions, structure and behaviour

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3
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

give rise to feelings of euphoria and altered perceptions

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4
Q

What are the 4 categories of psychoactive drugs?

A

Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens

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5
Q

What are depressants?

A

Slow activity in the central and peripheral NS

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6
Q

What are stimulants?

A

Speed activity in the central and peripheral NS

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7
Q

What are opiates?

A

Powerful painkillers that also provide feelings of extreme well-being , pleasure and calm

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8
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

Alter perceptions to the point of creating hallucinations

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9
Q

What is euphoria?

A

An enhanced sense of pleasure, excitement and well-being

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10
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Drugs that bind to the same receptors as naturally occuring brain chemicals to block their action

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11
Q

What are agonists?

A

Drugs that bind to receptors to mimic the effects of the neurotransmitters that naturally bind to it

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12
Q

What are inverse agonists?

A

Drugs that bind to neurotransmitter receptors but have the opposite effect of the neurotransmitter

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13
Q

What are reuptake inhibitors?

A

Drugs that inhibit the reuptake of a neurotransmitter by the neuron that released it

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14
Q

What is drug abuse?

A

Use of drugs in ways that cause physical and/or physiological harm to themselves or to others who are affected by their behaviour

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15
Q

What is drug tolerance?

A

the phenomenon by which a person needs to take increasingly large amounts of a drug to have the same effect

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of tolerance?

A

Dispositional, behavioural, and functional

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17
Q

What is dispositional tolerance?

A

Occurs when the body becomes progressively better at breaking down and eliminating a drug

18
Q

What is behavioural tolerance?

A

Occurs when a person has learned to compensate for drug effects

19
Q

What is functional tolerance?

A

When neurons become progressively adjusted to the effects of a drug (also known as the cell-adaptation theory)

20
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms?

A

Occurs with the cessation of drug use once the nervous system has adjusted to the drug’s presence, may include nausea, headaches, weakness and anxiety

21
Q

What is the 1st phase of the circuit of addiction?

A

Positive reinforcement: pleasureable outcomes makes it more likely that the activity will be repeated (getting high on the drug)

22
Q

What is the 2nd phase of the circuit of addiction?

A

Negative reinforcement: Withdrawal effect, when a behaviour removes unwanted outcome, it increases the probability to be repeated

23
Q

What is the 3rd stage of the circuit of addiction?

A

Preoccupation: constant state of seeking for drug and intense cravings

24
Q

What is the insensive salience theory?

A

Theory that suggests that “wanting” and “liking” are at the core of drug addiction instead of the activation of dopamine pathways

25
Q

What is “wanting”?

A

Drug-seeking behaviours and strong cravings in addicted people when they are exposed to environmental cues signaling drug consumption
Associated with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system

26
Q

What is “liking”?

A

Pleasureable sensations experienced when taking the drug

Associated with “hedonic hotspots” in the brain

27
Q

What is the relationship between “wanting” and “linking”?

A

As wanting grows, liking decreases

28
Q

What is the conditioned place-preference (CDP) paradigm?

A

Animal injected with saline in one room and with drug in another, then given the choice of rooms; will prefer the drug room over the saline room

29
Q

What is the self-administration paradigm?

A

Animals are taught how to administer themselves a drug

30
Q

What kind of drug is nicotine? How does it act on the brain?

A

It is a stimulant
Binds to nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine - exist on dopamine receptors part of the reward circuit; therefore activating the circuit

31
Q

What kind of drug is alcohol? What is another name given to it?

A

It is a depressant, also called sedative hypnotic

32
Q

How does alcohol work in the brain?

A

Binds to its own receptor on CI- channels which increase the release of GABA (inhibitory) and blocks GABA on dopamine neurons (producing euphoria)

33
Q

Name other drugs that mimic the effect of alcohol on the brain (which are called hypnotics)

A

Benzodiazepines (treat anxiety), Non-Benzodiazepines (sleep medications), barbiturates (insomnia)

34
Q

What are the effects (overall) of marijuana

A

both depressant and excitatory effects, and hallucinogenic effects in high doses

35
Q

How does marijuana binds to receptors?

A

Binds to CB1 (cannabinoids receptors) and inhibit GABAergic neurons through retrograde signaling
(because it stops the inhibitory effects of GABA on dopamine receptors)

36
Q

What are opioids?

A

Any drug that binds with opiate receptors

opium, morphine, codeine, heroin

37
Q

What are the effects of opioids?

A

Inhibit GABAergic neurons thus increasing rewarding effects of dopamine

38
Q

What kind of drug is cocaine?

A

Reuptake inhibitor (prevents neurons to take back dopamine, therefore more dopamine is available to bind on post synaptic neurons - making a rewarding effect)

39
Q

What causes the increase in locomotor activity (speedy effects) observed in cocaine users?

A

Increased levels of norepinephrine

40
Q

What is retrograde signaling?

A

The proces by which the activity of a neuron is regulated by chemical messenger released by its postsynaptic target neuron

PSYC 355 (22 decks)

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