Brain-Behaviour Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

What is neuroscience?

The study of the nervous system

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What is behavioural neuroscience?

Study of how brain activity influences behaviour, including how the brain is involved in overt and covert behaviour

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What is overt behaviour?

Readily observable behaviour; ex: the girl picks up a cup of tea

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What is covert behaviour?

Behaviour that cannot be readily observed; ex: someone is sitting at a cafe thinking; we dont know what they are thinking about

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What is the molecular level of study of the brain?

Study of genes and how neurons are composed

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What is the cellular level of study of the brain?

Study of the structure of the different types of cells in the central nervous system

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What is the systems level of study of the brain?

How the various types of cells communicate/work together to produce thoughts and behaviours

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What is the cognitive level of study of the brain?

How people perceive their environment, how they have perspective/memory, etc

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What is the social level of study of the brain?

What makes us unique among other organisms; how we interact socially

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What are the 5 levels of study of the brain?

Molecular
Cellular
Systems
Cognitive
Social

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How is the outer part of the brain called?

Cortex

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What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

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How are called the “bumps” on the cerebral cortex?

Gyri (singular = gyrus)

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How are called the “grooves” (fissures) on the cerebral cortex?

Sulci (singular = sulcus)

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What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Executive functions

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What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

Visual functions

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Whats is the parietal lobe responsible for?

Voluntary coordination / motor control

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What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Involuntary motor control

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What is the brain stem? What is it composed of?

Composed of the midbrain, pons and medulla, connects cerebellum to the brain and body

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How is called the biggest fissure of the brain?

The longitudinal or interhemispheric fissure (midline of cerebral cortex)

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What is the midbrain responsible for?

Perception and motivation

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What is the optic chiasm?

Part of the visual pathway (connected to eyes)

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What is the thalamus responsible for?

Responsible for integration of sensation and perception coming from different parts of the brain

What is the corpus callosum?

Collection of nerve fibers that connects the 2 hemispheres

What is the infundibulum?

Connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

What is the olfactory bulb responsible for?

Sense of smell

What did Hippocrates discovered regarding the brain?

That is was involved in sensation and that it was probably the site of intelligence

What did Galen discovered regarding the brain?

Validated the findings of Hippocrates; realized that behaviour changes were related to brain injuries

What are genetics?

the study of inherited traits and their variation

What are genes?

sequences of DNA, some of which code for proteins?

Why genes are not the basic functional units of heredity?

environmental factors also influence the phenotypes of genes (therefore genes are not the only thing accounting for traits)

What is DNA?

sequences of nucleotides, bound together by molecules of sugar and phosphate (A,G,T,C)

What is the outcome of the process of genetic transcription?

mRNA

Into what is spliced a RNA molecule?

mRNA

What are chromosomes?

Contain the DNA that composes genes

What is a karyotype?

picture of an individual's set of chromosomes

What are autosomes

chromosomes of cells of the body that are not sex cells (somatic cells)

What is epigenetics?

the study of changes in gene expression with no changes in DNA sequences, which can occur randomly or through the influence of environmental factors

Can epigenetic changes be passed onto next generations?

Yes

Name 2 imaging techniques that allow the detection of brain injury

Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed tomography (CT)

What is Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) ?

a method by which an image of any part of the body can be created with the use of a powerful magnetic field and the emission of a resonant frequency

What is Computed tomography (CT)?

a method in which X-ray images are taken from many angles and processed with a computer to produce virtual cross-sections, permitting the examination of structures deep within the brain

Name 2 techniques that allow for the stimulation of the brain

Deep brain stimulation technique and Transcranian Magnetic stimulation (TMS)

What is Deep brain stimulation technique ?

patients can have electrodes implanted into the brain (connected to a specific part); and using a pulse generator in the skin we can send electrical impulses to the part of the brain and see what this part of the brain is responsible for

What is Transcranian Magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

application of a magnetic field over a brain area of interest from the top of the skull (can stimulate or inhibit neurons)

Name 4 techniques that allow for the measurement of brain activity

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Electroencephalography (EEG), and Electrophysiological Measurement (single-unit recording)

What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?

inferring brain function using MRI technology to image the brain in a way that detects the amount of oxygen used by neurons

What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

imaging method in which brain function is inferred detecting the consumption of glucose by neurons

What is Electroencephalography (EEG)?

method in which brain function is inferred by detecting differences in the electrical energy emitted from different brain areas (using electrons stuck on the skull over each brain area)

What is Electrophysiological Measurement (single-unit recording)?

method by which tiny electrodes are inserted directly inside neurons to record their electrical activity (intracellular or extracellular)

What is the localization of function theory?

theory that individual brain areas are dedicated to distinct functions

Who is the father of phrenology?

Franz Joseph Gall

What is phrenology?

correlating the structure of the head with personality traits and brain functions

What is a topographical map?

map within the brain that illustrate the different parts of the body controlled by the brain (motor humonculus)

How is called a head direction of an organ?

Anterior or rostral

How is called a tail direction of an organ?

Posterior or caudal