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PSYC 355 > Brain-Behaviour > Flashcards

Brain-Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

The study of the nervous system

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2
Q

What is behavioural neuroscience?

A

Study of how brain activity influences behaviour, including how the brain is involved in overt and covert behaviour

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3
Q

What is overt behaviour?

A

Readily observable behaviour; ex: the girl picks up a cup of tea

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4
Q

What is covert behaviour?

A

Behaviour that cannot be readily observed; ex: someone is sitting at a cafe thinking; we dont know what they are thinking about

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5
Q

What is the molecular level of study of the brain?

A

Study of genes and how neurons are composed

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6
Q

What is the cellular level of study of the brain?

A

Study of the structure of the different types of cells in the central nervous system

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7
Q

What is the systems level of study of the brain?

A

How the various types of cells communicate/work together to produce thoughts and behaviours

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8
Q

What is the cognitive level of study of the brain?

A

How people perceive their environment, how they have perspective/memory, etc

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9
Q

What is the social level of study of the brain?

A

What makes us unique among other organisms; how we interact socially

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10
Q

What are the 5 levels of study of the brain?

A 
Molecular
Cellular
Systems
Cognitive
Social
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11
Q

How is the outer part of the brain called?

A

Cortex

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12
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

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13
Q

How are called the “bumps” on the cerebral cortex?

A

Gyri (singular = gyrus)

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14
Q

How are called the “grooves” (fissures) on the cerebral cortex?

A

Sulci (singular = sulcus)

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15
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Executive functions

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16
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Visual functions

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17
Q

Whats is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Voluntary coordination / motor control

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18
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Involuntary motor control

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19
Q

What is the brain stem? What is it composed of?

A

Composed of the midbrain, pons and medulla, connects cerebellum to the brain and body

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20
Q

How is called the biggest fissure of the brain?

A

The longitudinal or interhemispheric fissure (midline of cerebral cortex)

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21
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for?

A

Perception and motivation

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22
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

Part of the visual pathway (connected to eyes)

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23
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for?

A

Responsible for integration of sensation and perception coming from different parts of the brain

24
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Collection of nerve fibers that connects the 2 hemispheres

25
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

26
Q

What is the olfactory bulb responsible for?

A

Sense of smell

27
Q

What did Hippocrates discovered regarding the brain?

A

That is was involved in sensation and that it was probably the site of intelligence

28
Q

What did Galen discovered regarding the brain?

A

Validated the findings of Hippocrates; realized that behaviour changes were related to brain injuries

29
Q

What are genetics?

A

the study of inherited traits and their variation

30
Q

What are genes?

A

sequences of DNA, some of which code for proteins?

31
Q

Why genes are not the basic functional units of heredity?

A

environmental factors also influence the phenotypes of genes (therefore genes are not the only thing accounting for traits)

32
Q

What is DNA?

A

sequences of nucleotides, bound together by molecules of sugar and phosphate (A,G,T,C)

33
Q

What is the outcome of the process of genetic transcription?

A

mRNA

34
Q

Into what is spliced a RNA molecule?

A

mRNA

35
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Contain the DNA that composes genes

36
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

picture of an individual’s set of chromosomes

37
Q

What are autosomes

A

chromosomes of cells of the body that are not sex cells (somatic cells)

38
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

the study of changes in gene expression with no changes in DNA sequences, which can occur randomly or through the influence of environmental factors

39
Q

Can epigenetic changes be passed onto next generations?

A

Yes

40
Q

Name 2 imaging techniques that allow the detection of brain injury

A

Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed tomography (CT)

41
Q

What is Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) ?

A

a method by which an image of any part of the body can be created with the use of a powerful magnetic field and the emission of a resonant frequency

42
Q

What is Computed tomography (CT)?

A

a method in which X-ray images are taken from many angles and processed with a computer to produce virtual cross-sections, permitting the examination of structures deep within the brain

43
Q

Name 2 techniques that allow for the stimulation of the brain

A

Deep brain stimulation technique and Transcranian Magnetic stimulation (TMS)

44
Q

What is Deep brain stimulation technique ?

A

patients can have electrodes implanted into the brain (connected to a specific part); and using a pulse generator in the skin we can send electrical impulses to the part of the brain and see what this part of the brain is responsible for

45
Q

What is Transcranian Magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

application of a magnetic field over a brain area of interest from the top of the skull (can stimulate or inhibit neurons)

46
Q

Name 4 techniques that allow for the measurement of brain activity

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Electroencephalography (EEG), and Electrophysiological Measurement (single-unit recording)

47
Q

What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?

A

inferring brain function using MRI technology to image the brain in a way that detects the amount of oxygen used by neurons

48
Q

What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

A

imaging method in which brain function is inferred detecting the consumption of glucose by neurons

49
Q

What is Electroencephalography (EEG)?

A

method in which brain function is inferred by detecting differences in the electrical energy emitted from different brain areas (using electrons stuck on the skull over each brain area)

50
Q

What is Electrophysiological Measurement (single-unit recording)?

A

method by which tiny electrodes are inserted directly inside neurons to record their electrical activity (intracellular or extracellular)

51
Q

What is the localization of function theory?

A

theory that individual brain areas are dedicated to distinct functions

52
Q

Who is the father of phrenology?

A

Franz Joseph Gall

53
Q

What is phrenology?

A

correlating the structure of the head with personality traits and brain functions

54
Q

What is a topographical map?

A

map within the brain that illustrate the different parts of the body controlled by the brain
(motor humonculus)

55
Q

How is called a head direction of an organ?

A

Anterior or rostral

56
Q

How is called a tail direction of an organ?

A

Posterior or caudal

PSYC 355 (22 decks)

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