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Microbiology Exam I > Structure of Bacteria > Flashcards

Structure of Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

Do procaryotes have a nuclear membrane?

A

No

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2
Q

Do eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Describe procaryotic DNA?

A

single, circular structure (may be linear)

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4
Q

Describe eucaryotic DNA?

A

linear, >1, mtDNA consists of multiple circular chromosomes

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5
Q

How do procaryotes divide?

A

binary fission (membrane bound, septal ring structure)

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6
Q

How do eucaryotes divide?

A

mitosis

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7
Q

How do procaryotes pass on genes to daughter cells?

A

horizontal gene transfer, no sexual reproduction

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8
Q

How do eucaryotes pass on genes to daughter cells?

A

meiosis

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9
Q

Do procaryotes have introns?

A

rarely

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10
Q

Describe the prokaryotic cell membrane?

A

lacks sterols

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11
Q

Describe the eukaryotic cell membrane?

A

contains sterols

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12
Q

Describe the location of the respiratory system in procaryotes. ETC/ATP synthesis

A

plasma membrane

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13
Q

Describe the location of the respiratory system in eucaryotes. ETC/ATP synthesis

A

mitochondria

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14
Q

Describe the presence of sub cellular organelle in procaryotes.

A

No lipid bound organelle with NA, most absent sub cellular organelle without NA

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15
Q

Describe the presence of sub cellular organelle in eucaryotes.

A

lipid bound membranes with NA (mitochondria, chloroplasts) and without NA (golgi, ER, etc)

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16
Q

Describe the presence of protein bound microcompartments in procaryotes.

A

present without NA

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17
Q

Describe the presence of protein bound microcompartments in eucaryotes.

A

absent

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18
Q

Describe procaryotic ribosomes.

A

70S (50S + 30S)

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19
Q

Describe eucaryotic ribosomes.

A

80S (60S + 40S), except 70S in mitochondria

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20
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton components in procaryotes.

A

present - homologs of actin, tubulin, IFs

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21
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton components in procaryotes.

A

actin, myosin, tubulin, IFs

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22
Q

Describe the presence of endospores in procaryotes.

A

present - resists heat, drying, chemicals

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23
Q

Describe the presence of endospores in eucaryotes.

A

absent

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24
Q

Describe the presence of cell walls in procaryotes.

A

present - most possess peptidoglycan

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25
Q

Describe the presence of cell walls in eucaryotes.

A

only plants, fungi possess a polysaccharid cell wall

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26
Q

Describe flagella in procaryotes.

A

present - submicroscopic single repeating peptide

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27
Q

Describe flagella in eucaryotes.

A

present - microscopic 9+2 microtubule arrangement

28
Q

Describe surface motility in procaryotes.

A

multiple types - pili, flagella, exopolysaccharide, cytoskeleton

29
Q

Describe surface motility in eucaryotes.

A

amoeboid

30
Q

Describe the typical size of procaryotes.

A

< 2 um

31
Q

Describe the typical size of eucaryotes.

A

2 - 100 um

32
Q

Positive stain and examples

A

stain that colors cells, not medium… gram stain

33
Q

Negative stain and examples

A

stains medium not cells… india stain

34
Q

Gram positive

A

extensive peptidoglycan layer retains crystal violet-iodine complex after destaining (blue/purple)

35
Q

Gram negative

A

then peptidoglycan layer does not retain crystal violet-iodine complex after destaining (pink, red)

36
Q

Describe the steps on Gram staining

A
  1. crystal violet - positive stain
  2. iodine - fixative that forms complex with the violet
  3. alcohol - destain
  4. safranin - counter stain - positive stain
37
Q

Alcohol destain during gram staining in excess? insufficient?

A

All cells are destained and appear negative. All cells retain crystal complex and appear positive.

38
Q

Gram variable in a pure culture

A

If gram positive bacteria has structural damage to its peptidoglycan layer (dead/damaged) it may appear negative in some cells and positive in others

39
Q

Bi-polar staining

A

safety pin appearance of a gram-negative rod

40
Q

Modified Gram staining

A

use of carbol-fuchsin counterstain instead of safranin in lightly staining gram-negative bacteria

41
Q

What can a gram stain, size, shape, and cell arrangement tell you?

A

Cannot identify bacteria, but can direct the antimicrobial therapy and aid in identifying the microbe

42
Q

Acid-fast staining

A

used to stain bacteria that are not gram-positive or negative due to their complex wall structure

43
Q

What genera of bacteria must be stained using acid-fast staining?

A

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

44
Q

What are the genera of Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Actinomyces, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Cornyebacterium (Propionibacterium and other diptheroids), enterococcus, Gardnerella, Lactobecillus, Listeria, Mobiluncus, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

45
Q

Medically important gram-positive cocci

A

streptococcus, staphylococcus, enterococcus

46
Q

Medically important lancet-shaped diplococci

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

47
Q

Genera of bacterial endospore-formers

A

clostridium, bacillus

48
Q

genera of medically important gram negative “kidney bean” shaped diplococci

A

neisseria, veillonella, moraxella

49
Q

genera of gram negative comma (vibrio) shaped bacteria

A

vibrio, helicobacter, campylobacter

50
Q

genera of acid-fast positive (pink) bacteria

A

mycobacteria, nocardia

51
Q

What’s another name for peptidoglycan?

A

murein sacculus

52
Q

Cell shape is determined by

A

murein sacculus and cytoskeleton

53
Q

Genera of gram negative diplococcus

A

Neisseria, moraxella, veillonella (2 kidney beans side-by-side)

54
Q

Genera of gram positive diplococcus

A

streptococcus pneumoniae (2 footballs end-to-end)

55
Q

Genera of gram positive chains

A

Streptococcus

56
Q

Genera of gram positive clusters

A

staphylococcus

57
Q

Genera of gram negative coccobacilli (short rods)

A

Bordetelle, brucella, francisella tularemia, haemophilus spp, yersinia spp

58
Q

Short thin needle like rods are called

A

fusiforms

59
Q

Genera of gram positive long, thick rods

A

bacillus, clostridium

60
Q

Genera of gram positive short, thick rods

A

listeria

61
Q

Genera of gram positive clubbed shaped rods

A

corynebacterium spp, propionibacterium acnes

62
Q

Genera of gram positive thin, branching filamentous rods with clubbed endings

A

actinomyces, nocardia

63
Q

Genera of gram negative curved.comma-shaped rod

A

campylobacter, helicobacter, vibrio

64
Q

Genera of gram positive curved.comma-shaped rod

A

mobiluncus spp

65
Q

Spirochetes

A

borrelia, leptospira, treponema

66
Q

Pleomorphic cell shape describes

A

a variation in size and shape

Microbiology Exam I (13 decks)

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