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Microbiology Exam I > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Time-Space clustering

A

distribution of disease occurs in patterns in a community

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2
Q

Patterns of disease is

A

predictable

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3
Q

Characteristics of the disease patterns may lead to

A

prevention or control of disease

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4
Q

Epidemiologic Triad

A

Host - Agent - Environment; all 3 must be present and favorable for an infection to occur

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5
Q

Host factors

A

biological traits (genetics, sex, age, ethnicity), social traits (behavior, nutrition, lifestyle, residence)

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6
Q

Agents of disease

A

biological, chemical, nutritional, physical, energy

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7
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability to produce disease in a host

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8
Q

virulence

A

to what extend can a pathogen cause disease (genetic, biochemical, structural)

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9
Q

The outcome of an infection is determined by

A

the virulence of the pathogen and the resistance of the host

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10
Q

vectors

A

biological means of spreading disease (insect)

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11
Q

fomite

A

mechanical means of spreading disease (toilet seat)

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12
Q

Herd Immunity

A

the spread of communicable disease within a group based on the proportion of susceptible and immune individuals

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13
Q

What proportion of the population must be immune to maintain herd immunity?

A

dependent on the disease and the mode of transmission, higher for respiratory modes of transmission

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14
Q

Physical factors

A

location of reservoir (where agent thrives), biologic factors (presence of arthropod/vector), mechanical vector (on feet of flies), biological vector (ticks), social factors

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15
Q

Endemic

A

disease of humans present in a particular region at essentially constant levels

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16
Q

Epidemic

A

sudden increase in the incidence of a particular disease

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17
Q

Common source epidemic

A

all individuals are expose to pathogens from one common source

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18
Q

Point source epidemics

A

all individuals are exposed to a pathogen during one point in time

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19
Q

Propagative epidemics

A

serial transmission of an agent

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20
Q

Pandemic

A

pandemics at a large scale (worldwide)

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21
Q

Primary prevention

A

preventing disease before it occurs (sunscreen)

22
Q

Secondary prevention

A

catching a disease early (removing suspicious lesion)

23
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

treating person with disease to get them healthy quicker

24
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases reported during a specific time period (communicability and incubation time)

25
Q

Incidence rate

A

number of new cases with in a population in a defined time period / number of persons exposed in the same time period

26
Q

Incidence rates can be used to estimate

A

frequency (communicability) and incubation time

27
Q

Frequency

A

communicability; rate of disease transmission/time period

28
Q

Incubation period

A

time from exposure to time of onset of symptoms

29
Q

Incidence is

A

time dependent

30
Q

Attack rate

A

number of people ill / number of persons exposed during an outbreak

31
Q

Primary case

A

first case of disease in population

32
Q

index case

A

first case brought to attention of epidemiologists

33
Q

Secondary attack rate

A

percentage of people among close contacts of primary case who become ill

34
Q

Prevalence

A

incidence (new cases) + old cases

35
Q

Prevalence gives information about

A

the percent of disease in a population at one time; does not confer information about incubation period, rate of disease transmission, frequency of occurence

36
Q

What number directly impacts the predictive value of diagnostic tests

A

prevalence

37
Q

point prevalence

A

amount of disease present in a population at a time point (1300 TB cases / 130000 population = 1%)

38
Q

Point prevalence is helpful to

A

compare points of time, is prevalence increasing or decreasing

39
Q

Period prevalence

A

the number of people with the disease within the given time frame / population

40
Q

Factors that increase the prevalence rate

A

immigration of ill people or potentially exposed people, emigration of healthy people, increased incidence, increased duration of disease

41
Q

Prevalence is decreased by

A

increased death rates, shorter duration of disease, ill exiting, health entering

42
Q

If point prevalence AND incidence increase:

A

disease increases due to increased virulence or decreased treatment

43
Q

If point prevalence increases and incidence stays the same

A

recovery from disease slows, disease is less fatal ( anything that keeps ill people around longer)

44
Q

If point prevalence decreases and incidence stays the same

A

recovery from a disease speeds up or is more fatal (anything that takes ill people away faster)

45
Q

If point prevalence remains the same, but incidence drops

A

Prevention is occurring, but disease recovery is long-term

46
Q

If point prevalence remains relatively the same, but incidence is dropping significantly

A

Prevention of disease, but no cure (herpes)

47
Q

If point prevalence decreases and incidence decreases

A

spread of disease declines and recovery is permanent, disease is highly fatal

48
Q

Sensitivity

A

how good test is at picking up people who have this disease… True positive rate

49
Q

Specificity

A

how good this test is at at excluding people without the condition… true negative rate

50
Q

PPV

A

If test comes back positive, likelihood patient does have disease

51
Q

NPV

A

If test comes back negative, likelihood patient does not have disease

Microbiology Exam I (13 decks)

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