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Microbiology Exam I > Normal Flora > Flashcards

Normal Flora Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal flora can cause disease in 2 ways

A

being displaced from its normal site and colonizing another

overgrowing at its natural site

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2
Q

Transient flora

A

microorganisms that inhabit an anatomical site for a short period of time

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3
Q

Selective anatomical distribution of NF includes:

A

attachment of organisms to specific receptor, nutritional needs, competition of other flora, lack of inhibitory substances, permissive environment

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4
Q

Host specific factors contribute to NF composition

A

age, gender, nutrition, diet

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5
Q

In healthy individuals, what areas are FREE of NF?

A

blood, CSF, synovial fluid, urine, lower respiratory tract, uterus, internal tissue (heart, brain, liver, peritoneal cavity)

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6
Q

Benefits of NF - stimulation of innate immune response

A

Vagina (NF: lactobacilli and propionibacteria) produced H2O2 which is converted to HOCl- this along with lactic acid and propionic acid inhibit other bacteria from growing

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7
Q

Benefits of NF - stimulation of adaptive immune response

A

Gut (NF: E. coli) antibodies formed against E. coli capsular polysaccharide are cross-reactive to H. flu

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8
Q

NF can prevent colonization by pathogenic organisms by

A

occupying and competing for receptor sites, competing for nutrients, producing inhibitory or toxic substances

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9
Q

NF synthesize essential nutrients of the host, such as

A

Vitamin K and Vitamin B complex

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10
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotics for long periods of time can

A

result in overgrowth of yeast, result in nutritional deficits

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11
Q

How can hospitalizations be detrimental in regards to NF?

A

NF may shift from gram (+) to Gram (-) in the upper airway, skin increases colonization of enterococci and gram (-) bacteria, NF in intestines may permeate intestinal barriers, lower GI NF retrograde movement into upper GI, catheters and intubation can lead to infections

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12
Q

How can antibiotics usage be detrimental in regards to NF?

A

C. diff in GI tract overgrows leading to antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, vaginal candidiasis, or UTI if displaced

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13
Q

How can immunocompromise be detrimental in regards to NF?

A

Allows overgrowth of NF or new colonization with different flora

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14
Q

Probiotics

A

help restore NF homeostasis, esp in GI tract of people with recurrent C diff. infections

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15
Q

Probiotics consists mainly of

A

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium

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16
Q

Sterilization

A

absolute removal of all microorganisms and spores, but does not remove LPS since it is heat-stable

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17
Q

Pyrogen free

A

free of all biologically relevant levels of LPS and other pyrogens of microbial origin

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18
Q

Cidal

A

killing of microorganism (irreversible) i.e. bactericide

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19
Q

Static/stasis

A

halts growth of microorganism but may resume when agent is removed

20
Q

Disinfection

A

reduction in the number of microorganisms (kill many but not all microorganisms)

21
Q

High level disinfectant

A

effective against most pathogens but not large numbers of spores - may be sporecidal over time

22
Q

Intermediate level of disinfectant

A

effective against mycobacteria and other vegetative bacteria, most fungus and viruses - not effective against spores

23
Q

low level disinfectant

A

effective against ,pst vegetative bacteria and enveloped viruses and some fungi, not against mycobacteria or spores

24
Q

Sanitization

A

clean and free of dirt to reduce the occurrence and growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungi

25
Q

Pasteurization

A

elevated temp followed by rapid cooling to kill important pathogens, NOT sterilization

26
Q

Antiseptic

A

chemicals used to kill microorganisms on the surface of skin

27
Q

Asepsis

A

without infection, techniques to maintain sterile environment

28
Q

Decontamination

A

destruction and removal of contaminants/microbes present

29
Q

Difficult to eliminate all bacterial products, esp

A

LPS

30
Q

Factors affecting sterilization

A

application time, type of pathogen , agent used, number of organisms, physiologic state of microbe, spores are highly resistant

31
Q

Concentration of agent

A

concentration increases, time needed to disinfect decreases (not for EtOH which is best at 70%)

32
Q

Temperature of agent

A

higher temp, decreased time to kill

33
Q

Barrier Technique to preventing infection spread

A

HAND WASHING, PPE

34
Q

Silver Nitrate

A

Topical Antiseptic (binds -SH, breaking disulfide bonds in membrane molecules)

35
Q

Iodine

A

topical antiseptic (damages DNA, proteins, etc)

36
Q

Hydrogen Peroxide

A

antiseptic (ROS damage to CM)

37
Q

Anionic detergents

A

Antiseptic - clean wounds by disrupting microorganism membrane

38
Q

Alcohol 70-90%

A

antiseptic - denatures proteins

39
Q

Quaternary ammonium chloride

A

Antiseptic - preoperative of skin, body cavities

40
Q

Bleach

A

Disinfectant - strong oxidizer

41
Q

Phenol

A

disinfectant - fecal material

42
Q

Boiling

A

disinfectant - denatures macromolecules

43
Q

Pasteurization (74C 3-5s, 4C)

A

disinfectant - wine, milk, vaccines by denaturing macromolecules

44
Q

Air filtration

A

disinfectant for aseptic environment

45
Q

Examples of preservation to inhibit bacterial growth

A

Refrigeration (unless psychrophile), Freezing, Filtration, Pasteurization, Mercury salts

46
Q

Examples of sterilization

A

Incinerating/Burning, Dry Heat (not LPS), Autoclaving (not LPS), Ionizing radiation, UV radiation, Microwave irradiation

47
Q

Sterilization with chemicals

A

Ethylene, Formaldehyde or Gluteraldehyde, beta-propiolactone, peroxygen

Microbiology Exam I (13 decks)

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