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Microbiology HIS > Structure Movement Transport Mutation & Gene transfer > Flashcards

Structure Movement Transport Mutation & Gene transfer Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellwall?

A

Prevent lysis and rigidity

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2
Q

Plasmids?

A

Extrachromosomal DNA. Conjugation, resistance, digestion and toxins.

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3
Q

Periplasma?

A

Between outer cytoplasmic membrane and inner surface of LPS.

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4
Q

Capsules?

A

Attachment and prevent dehydration

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5
Q

Fimbrae?

A

Stick to surfaces. Pericolus and biofilms

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6
Q

Biofilms?

A

Growth mats. Prevent chemicals, barrier for grazing, washed to new habitats.

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7
Q

Flaggelum?

A

Motility and adhesion

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8
Q

Kinds of flaggella?

A

Polar - @ 1 end - amphitocus @ Both ends - lophotricous.

Petrichous - Around the cells surface

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9
Q

Movement?

A

Chemotaxis and phototaxis by []-gradient.
Petrichous - Tumbles and random runs
Polar - Runs by start/stop and reverse the motion

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10
Q

Proton motife force?

A

Active proton symport.
Translocation through a MOT complex and ~1200 H+ gives rotation to the whole basal body.
Speed = flowrate of H+

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11
Q

Passive transport?

A

Diffusion
Fascilitated diffusion
Osmosis

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12
Q

Active transport? In Gram+ and Gram-?

A 
ATP
Simple or Group 
Symport/Antiport 
Ex. ABC-system 
Gram negative - periplasma
Gram positive - transmembrane protiens
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13
Q

Pili?

A

Receptors for adhesion, conjugation and motility.
F = Fertility
P = Adherence

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14
Q

Structure & staining Gram+ ?

A

Plasmamembrane
Peptidoglycan
Staining - Purple/violett

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15
Q

Structure & Staining Gram- ?

A

Less peptiodoglycan
LPS
Staining - Pink

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16
Q

LPS?

A

Core specific
O - specific
Lipid A
Braun lipidlayer - connects LPS to peptidoglycan

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17
Q

Rotor and strator?

A

Rings
Basal body
MOT proteins

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18
Q

In gram- ?

A

L-ring
P-ring
MS/C-ring

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19
Q

Rings In gram+ ?

A

MS/C-rings

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20
Q

Endospores?

A

Survival structure

Resistant to heat, chemicals and radiation

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21
Q

Endosporulation?

A

Activation -> Germination -> Outgrowth

Vegetative cell Endospore

22
Q

Exosporium?

A

DPA + Ca2+

Binds to H2O and stabiliezes DNA

23
Q

DNA transfer?

A

Rolling circle replication

24
Q

Operon?

A

Polycistronic mRNA

Genes encoding proteins in the same pathway, clustered and transcribed to form 1 mRNA for all.

25
Q

Virulence factors?

A

Assists in infections through increasing adhesion

26
Q

Bacteriocins?

A

Inhibit or kills related bacterial species

27
Q

Transposable elements?

A

Seq. inserted to DNA but can move from one site to another.

28
Q

Transcription?

A 
Sigma 70 
Pribnowbox
RNA Pol
GC-rich sequence 
RNA stemloop structure
29
Q

Translation?

A

Charged tRNA
mRNA recognized by 30S and 50S –> 70S
Initiation and elongation factors

30
Q

Polysome?

A

mRNA translated continously
Stopcodon with release factors
No factors –> tmRNA

31
Q

Affecting transcription?

A

Repression
Induction
Net synthesis is unaffected

32
Q

Repression?

A

Corepressor

Adding AA to repress the synthesis

33
Q

Induction?

A

Inducer

Adding Substrate to induce the synthesis

34
Q

Catabolite repression?

A

Mechanism for global control of carbon sources
The glucose effect
Prevents expression of other catabolic operons as long as glucose is present.

35
Q

Diauxic growth?

A

2 exp. phases as 2 sources of carbon are present.

Ex. First glucose –> then lactose –> increasing expression of the lac operon.

36
Q

Mutations?

A

Permanent* change in DNA and the driving force of evolution.
In nucleotide - mutant
In phenotype - mutant phenotype

37
Q

Genotype / Phenotype?

A

Genotype - hisC1 - hisC2 - hisC3

Phenotype - HIS+ or HIS-

38
Q

Point?

A

1 nucleotide position is altered

39
Q

Silent?

A

3rd base is altered

40
Q

Missense?

A

1st or 2nd base is altered

41
Q

Non-sense?

A

Stopcodon

42
Q

Transitions?

A

Purine –> Pyrimidine

43
Q

Transversion?

A

Purine –> Purine

44
Q

Indels?

A

1 Base –> Change in primary seq
2 Bases –> Frameshift
3 Bases –> Addition / Deletion of an AA

45
Q

Mutations Reversions?

A

*
Same-site –> Restored acitivity
True –> Restored seq
2nd site –> @ same gene that restores function

46
Q

Suppressor mutations?

A

Compensate the effect of ori. mutation

47
Q

Horizontal gene transfer?

A

Transduction
Conjugation
Transformation

48
Q

Transduction?

A

Bacteriophages
Region of DNA recombinates and integrates to the genome
GTA’s –> Defective bacteriophages used to disperese genes to the local environment = geneflow in nature

49
Q

Transformation?

A

A competent cell takes up free DNA

Involves many components: 
DNA-binding proteins 
Autolysine 
Nucleases 
Electropolatine 
RecA

From Griffiths experiment where a virulence factor - capsule - was found in some bacteria but not all. Capsule = Increased virulence

50
Q

Conjugation?

A 
F-pili 
F-plasmid is integrated to the host 
Non-integrated - F+ 
Integrated - Hfr 
Chromosome + plasmid - F- 
In short - form a single molecule of DNA and require the tra-operon.

Microbiology HIS (18 decks)

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