Structure/Fxn/Ventilation of Lungs Flashcards
What are the 2 zones in the respiratory system?
Conducting and exchange
List 2 functions of the lungs
- Respiratory (gas exchange)
- Ventilation
Which zone is in charge of leading the inspired air to the gas exchange zone?
Conducting
Describe cartilage and smooth muscle progressing distally
smooth muscle increases
cartilage decreases
How are airways organized?
In generations
Up to which generation is the conducting zone?
Gen 16
Respiratory zone is up to gen?
17
What is the volume of has present in the conducting zone called?
Anatomic dead space
What process is gas exchanged through?
Diffusion
List the 3 types of airway resistance
- airway
- lung
- chest wall
What is the main factor affecting resistance?
Radius
List the areas of gas exchange
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
Which species contain complete tracheal rings?
Avian
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the trachea?
Vagus nerve
What is caused by the parasympathetic innvervation?
Bronchospasm - trachea narrowing
Bronchodilation is caused by?
Sympathetic innervation - Epi
The anatomical unit of the respiratory zone (group of alveoli) is the ___________
acinus
What are the holes in alveolar wall that facilitate collateral ventilation?
Pores of Kohn
List two things that are part of collateral ventilation
- Pores of Kohn
- Intrabronchial Martin’s channels
- Bronchoalveolar Lambert’s channels
Alveoli can be divided into __________ and ____________
Type I and II
Which pneumocytes secrete pulmonary surfactant?
Type II
What creates pressure that pulls the alveoli closed?
Surface tension
What prevents alveolar collapse?
Surfactant
What is surfactant made of?
Lipoprotein
Describe the metabolic function of the lungs
activate angiotensin I to II through angiotensive converse enzyme (ACE)
Which is a biochemical process, respiration or ventilation?
Respiration
Is energy used in respiration or ventilation?
Ventilation
Define ventilation
Gas movement in and out of alveoli
What is affected by physical size, activity, body temp?
Ventilation
The total process by which O2 is supplied to and used by the body cells and CO2 is eliminated is: ________________
Respiration
What is necessary to support tissue metabolism?
Oxygen
Define VO2 max
Maximal Oxygen Consumption
The amount of gas moving across a tissue is proportional to the area of that tissue but inversely proportional to its thickness is dictated by:
Fick’s Law of DIffusion
List the 3 factors that determine Fick’s Law
- driving force (pressure gradient)
- surface area (A)
- Wall thickness (T)
In which clinical situation will gas exchanged will be compromised ?
Emphysema
The total volume of air breathed per minute is the ________________
Total Ventilation (VE)
Define tidal volume
volume of each normal breath
Breaths/minute is the:
respiratory frequency
If VE < normal, it is termed
hypoventilation
TV = ?
body wt x RR
VE = ?
RR x TV
The maximum volume of air inhaled above TV is:
Inspiratory reserve Volume
The air remaining in the lung after a forced ventilation is:
Residual Volume
The sum of different volumes is the _____________________
lung capacities
An obese patient can indicate a higher risk of ?
Hypoxemia
T/F Fractional Residual capacity can be measured with a spirometer
False
List the 4 lung capacities
- Functional residual capacity
- inspiratory
- vital
- total lung
Define volume dead space/physiologic dead space
volume of gas that does not participate in gas exchange (doesnt reach alveoli)
The volume found in the nostrils, larynges, and trachea is known as:
Anatomical dead space
If there is volume of gas present in alveoli but there is no blood perfusion, it is termed:
Alveolar dead space
What are clinical scenarios where dead space can be increased?
- Decrease in CO
- Embolism/Thromboembolism
What innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
In which species is exhalation an active process?
Horse
Define Boyle’s law
Explains relationship between pressure and volume
Explain the relationship between pressure and volume
It is indirectly proportional
- V increases, then pressure decreases
In which region is ventilation better?
Lower regions
Top alveoli are less ventilated due to the ?
Vertical gradient of ventilation
