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ENDO > Structure/ function of the skin > Flashcards

Structure/ function of the skin Flashcards

1
Q

How are the blood vessels arranged in the epidermis?

A

-In 3 layers
Top ones= help with heat regulation, supply epidermis and upper hair follicle
Middle layer= serves the glands, erector pili muscles, mind hair follicles
Bottom layer= helps with hair growth, lower hair follicle

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2
Q

On a histological image what wraps around the sebaceous glands?

A

-Erector pili muscles

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3
Q

What is the predominant cell type of the hypodermis?

A

Lipocytes (adipose cells)

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4
Q

Why is the hypodermis susceptible to disease?

A

Poorly vascularised

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5
Q

In which layer of the skin are insoluble fibres and soluble polymers found and what is their role?

A
  • Dermis
  • Insoluble fibres: collagen and elastin: give tensile strength
  • Soluble polymers: proteoglycans and hyaluronan: resist/ absorb compressive forces
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6
Q

Describe the motor nerves of the skin

A

-Adrenergic and cholinergic fibres

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7
Q

What causes an itch?

A

-Cytokines and chemokines e.g. Il-31 and TSLP

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8
Q

What are epitrichial glands?

A
  • Sweat glands that are associated with a hair follicle

- They are located below the sebaceous gland

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9
Q

What are atrichial glands?

A
  • Sweat glands not associated with a hair follicle.

- Found on the paws/ nose of carnivores

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10
Q

List some of the specialised sweat glands

A
  • Mammary glands
  • Interdigital glands of small ruminants
  • External ear canal
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11
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is often absent in haired skin?

A

The stratum granulosum

also stratum lucidum

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12
Q

Which species have epidermal rete ridges?

A
  • Pigs

- Horses (mane and base of tail)

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13
Q

Describe keratinocytes

A
  • Large with a complex cytoskeleton
  • Cytoskeleton includes actin
  • Cytoskeleton attached to tight junctions (cell - cell), desmosomes (cell-cell), desmosomes (cell-dermal proteins)
  • K14 and K5 in basal layers
  • K10 in upper layers
  • Kcs differentiates under influence of Ca
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14
Q

Which layer of the epidermis has a stem cell function?

A

Stratum basale

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15
Q

What are the signs of transglutaminase 1 mutation in jack russels?

A
  • Severe hyperkeratosis

- Cornified evelopes are thin

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16
Q

Where are melanocytes derived from?

A

The neural crest

17
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A
  • Eumelanin: black- brown

- Phaeomelanin: reddish yellow

18
Q

Whats the name of the pigment that melanocytes produce?

A

Melanosome - they send out dendrites to push packets of melanosomes to the cell to protect the nuclei from UV light

19
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A
  • Antigen presenting cells

- Activate T-lymphocytes

20
Q

Where does the sebaceous gland attach to the hair follicle?

A

-At the isthmus

21
Q

What’s the different between a simple/ compound hair follicle?

A 
Simple= single hair from 1 orifice
Compound= multiple hairs from same orifice
22
Q

What regulates the hair cycle?

A
  • Photoperiod
  • Temperature
  • Hormones
  • Nutrition
23
Q

What effect do different hormones have on the hair cycle?

A
  • Thryoid= +
  • Growth homrones= +
  • Oestrogen= -
  • Corticosteroids= -
24
Q

Describe catagen

A
  • Occurs in mid dermis
  • Involution of hair bulb/ dermal papilla
  • Upward migration of follicle and papilla
  • Develops a thick glassy membrane
25
Q

Describe telogen

A
  • Occurs In mid to upper dermis
  • No obvious bulb
  • Original bulb is dormant and the new bulb/ papillae form beneath old follicle. When this is stimulated the new hair pushes the old one out.
26
Q

What are Tylotrich hairs?

A
  • Simple follicles in amongst body hairs

- Mechanoreceptors

27
Q

How do vibrissae work?

A

-Have 2 sinuses that are filled with blood. Allows for` greater wobble which builds up directional info about environment

28
Q

What is the normal flora for the skin and how do the protect the skin?

A

-Staphylococci
-Propionibacterium acnes
-Actinetobacter spp
( they break down lipids to form antibacterial FFAs)

29
Q

List the mechanoreceptors found in the skin

A
  • Pacinian corpusles (sense deep pressure)
  • Meissners corpuscles (sense gentle pressure)
  • Merkel cells (sense pressure)
30
Q

How does the skin aid with blood pressure regulation?

A

The body stores Na in the skin, this is regulated by immune system cells

31
Q

What drug causes a longer than normal coat/

A

Cyclosporin= causes hair to remain in anagen longer than normal

ENDO (39 decks)

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