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ENDO > Pituitary gland > Flashcards

Pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

List the anterior pituitary gland hormones

A

1) LH
2) FSH
3) Prolactin
4) ACTH
5) TSH
6) Growth hormone

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2
Q

List the 5 different cell types of the pars distalis

A

1) Thryotropes (TSH)
2) Corticotropes (ACTH)
3) Gonadotropes (FSH/ LH)
4) Somatotropes (GH)
5) Lactotropes (Prolactin)

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3
Q

State the cell type found in the pars intermedia and what hormone it produces

A

-Melanotropes (MSH)

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4
Q

Which cells of the pars distalis stain blue and which stain red?

A

Somatotropes and lactotropes are acidophiles hence stain red

Corticotropes, thyrotropes and gonadotropes are basophils and so stain blue

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5
Q

What are the 3 hormones that regulate GH?

A

1) GH releasing hormone
2) Somatostatin
3) Ghrelin (secrete GH in response to food)

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6
Q

What are the affects of GH?

A
  • Stimulates IGF-1 secretion from the liver
  • Growth
  • Stimulate protein synthesis
  • Stimulates lipolysis
  • Inhibits glucose utilisation (inhibits insulin)
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7
Q

How is prolactin regulated?

A
  • Tonic inhibition by dopamine
  • Can be stimulated by TRH
  • Hypertrophy of lactotropes occurs during pregnancy
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8
Q

What do corticotropes produce?

A

POMC

ACTH

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9
Q

Describe the pars intermedia

A

Series of small cystic cavities, the follicles are filled with colloid

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10
Q

Give examples of short and long feedback loops

A
  • Short= hormones from pituitary gland (e.g. ACTH) feedback to hypothalamus (less CRH from hypothalamus)
  • Long= hormones from gland (e.g. cortisol) feedbacks to hypothalamus
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11
Q

What are independent systems?

A

Systems that do not depend on hypothalamus or pituitary gland
e.g. calcium regulation ->PTH, calcitonin, active Vit D
or Glucose regulation -> insulin, glucagon, epinephrine

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12
Q

Discuss pituitary dwarfism

A
  • Common in german shepherds
  • Cyst forms instead of adenohypophysis
  • No GH so you get a small dog
  • No ACTH= hypoadrenocorticism
  • No TSH= hypothyroidism
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13
Q

Which hormones are associated with the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of dehydration?

A
  • Prolonged skin tent
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Sunken eyes
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15
Q

Describe the detection of dehydration

A
  • Osmoreceptors within the hypothalamus
  • Respond to increase in osmolarity of the ECF
  • More concentrated= higher osmolarity and so more ADH is released so more water conserved.
  • Stretch receptors (detect decreased distension and send nervous impulses to hypothalamus ->secrete more ADH)
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16
Q

What are the actions of ADH?

A
  • Acts on DCT and CD= increases permeability to water (when ADH is present aquaporins present on apical membrane)
  • Water reabsorption increases
  • Urine volume decreases
  • Urine concentration increases
17
Q

Which aquaporin receptor is under ADH control?

A
  • AQP-2
  • The aDH binds to the receptor and activates adenyl cyclase-> produces cAMP triggering the vesicles containing aquaporin to move to the cell surface
18
Q

What causes diabetes insipidous?

A

ADH dysregulation

19
Q

Describe the two forms of diabetes insipidous

A
  • Neurogenic: inadequate release of ADH from pituitary

- Nephrogenic: inadequate response to ADH within the kidney

20
Q

How do you diagnose diabetes insipidous?

A

-Injection of exogenous ADH (if concentrated urine produced then you know its nephrogenic but if it dilute still you know it is nephrogenic)

21
Q

Where is alpha lactalbumin produced?

A

In the mammary epithelial cells

It forms a complex with galactosyltransferase which forms lactose synthase.

22
Q

Describe the neuronal transmission of oxytocin secretion

A
  • High density of nerve endings in teats detect suckling
  • Impulses are transmitted via superficial sensory pathways and inguinal nerve
  • Afferent sensory neurons enter lumbar segments of the SC
  • Ascend SC sensory tracts to the thalmus
  • Secretion of oxytocin from nerve endings in posterior pituitary into circulation
23
Q

What are the affects of oxytocin on the mammary gland?

A
  • Increases pressure within the alveoli
  • Reduces resistance in the excretory ducts
  • Reduces resistance in teat canal
  • Resulting in increased milk outflow
24
Q

How does oxytocin reduce resistance in the ducts and teat?

A
  • The myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli are orientated along the long axis of secretory duct, oxytocin makes the duct become shorter and wider
  • Has opposite effect on circular sphincter muscle of teat= causes relaxation
25
Q

Describe the oxytocin mammary response

A
  • Slower than a nervous system reponse
  • 1 sec for teat to hypothalamus
  • 1 sec for oxytocin release (hypothalamus to pituitary)
  • 20 secs for blood to reach mammary
  • Few seconds to push milk out of alveoli
  • 20/30 secs for cisternae to fill
26
Q

What can be administered to induce parturition in horses?

A

Oxytocin

27
Q

What can be used to help expel retained placenta?

A

Oxytocin

ENDO (39 decks)

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