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Human Biology > Structure And Replication Of DNA > Flashcards

Structure And Replication Of DNA Flashcards

1
Q

A section of DNA was 150 000 bases long and made up of 64% G-C. How many Thymine bases does it contain?

A

27,000

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2
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that replicates DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

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3
Q

Polymerase chain reaction replicates a sample of DNA many times. What term describes this process in PCR?

A

Amplification

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4
Q

Why is the leading strand of DNA replicated continuously?

A

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing strand

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5
Q

What is the function of DNA Ligase?

A

Joins fragments of DNA

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6
Q

correctly identify all the components of a DNA nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

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7
Q

Which components make up the backbone of the DNA molecule?

A

Deoxyribose sugar and Phosphate

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8
Q

During the process of polymerase chain reaction, DNA is heated to allow the heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate the strands of DNA.

To which temperature is the DNA heated, to allow the DNA to be replicated?

A

70°C and 80°C

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9
Q

What are the 3 uses for PCR

A

Solving paternity suits, diagnosing genetic disorders, and solving crimes

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10
Q

The items below refer to DNA replication.

  1. Replicated continuously
  2. Replicated in fragments
  3. Replication occurs towards the replication fork
  4. Replication occurs away from the replication fork

Which of these refer to the replication of the lagging strand?

A

2 and 4

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11
Q

During one stage of the polymerase chain reaction, the DNA heated to 70°C to 80°C. What is the reason for this?

A

To allow heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate DNA

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12
Q

Where does DNA polymerase add nucleotides?

A

3’ end of the newly forming strand

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13
Q

The following items refer to DNA and the genome.

1) Sequence of bases
2) Unique
3)Made up of nucleotides

Which statement(s) are true when describing the meaning of the term genetic code?

A

1 and 2 only

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14
Q

Which group is exposed on the 3’ end of the DNA strand?

A

Deoxyribose Sugar

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15
Q

Which is the molecule DNA polymerase needs to start replication?

A

Primer

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16
Q

The following statements summarise DNA replication.

1) DNA polymerase will add nucleotides using the complementary base pairing rule to the deoxyribose (3’) end of the new strand forming.

2) DNA is unwound and hydrogen bonds between bases are broken

3)Primer attaches to a short sequence on the DNA allowing the DNA polymerase to bind.
Which shows the process of DNA replication in the correct order?

A

2 → 3 → 1

17
Q

What is meant by the term ‘genetic code’?

A

The sequence of bases on DNA

18
Q

A section of double stranded DNA was found to contain 50,000 bases in total. If 13,000 of these bases were Cytosine, how many bases were Adenine?

A

12 000

19
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

Prior to cell division

20
Q

The items below relate to DNA replication.

1) Replicated continuously
2) Replicated in fragments
3) Replication occurs towards the replication fork
4) Replication occurs away from the replication fork
Which of these refer to the replication of the leading strand?

A

1 and 3

21
Q

During one stage of the polymerase chain reaction, the DNA is heated to 50°C to 65°C. What is the reason for this?

A

To allow the primers to bind to target sequences on the strands

22
Q

The correct order of events in the process of DNA replication?

A

DNA is unwound
Primer attaches
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides

23
Q

During the process of polymerase chain reaction, DNA is cooled to allow the primers to bind.

To which temperatures is the DNA is cooled?

A

50°C and 65°C

24
Q

What is the correct definition of the process of polymerase chain reaction?

A

Amplifies DNA using complementary primers for specific target sequences

25
Q

Which type of bond joins the complementary base pairs?

A

Hydrogen bond

26
Q

During one stage of polymerase chain reaction, the DNA is heated to 92°C and 98°C. What is the reason for this?

A

To break the hydrogen bonds between bases and separate the two strands

27
Q

correctly describe the primers used in the polymerase chain reaction?

A

Complementary to specific target sequences on the ends of the DNA template strand

28
Q

What term is represented by the ‘sequence of bases’ on a DNA molecule?

A

Genetic code

29
Q

Why is a DNA molecule described as antiparallel?

A

One strand runs in a 5’ → 3’, and the other in 3’ → 5’ direction

30
Q

During the process of polymerase chain reaction, DNA is heated to break the hydrogen bonds between bases and separate the strands.

What are the temperatures the DNA is heated to?

A

92°C and 98°C

31
Q

DNA polymerase, DNA template and primers are some of the molecules required for DNA replication. Here are some other molecules found in the nucleus.

1)ATP
2)Free DNA nucleotides
3)Other enzymes

Which correctly identifies the other molecule(s) needed for DNA replication?

A

1, 2 and 3

32
Q

What is the function of the primer?

A

Binds to a 3’ end of the template DNA strand to allow DNA polymerase to add new nucleotides

33
Q

Below are stages involved in the polymerase chain reaction.

DNA is cooled to between 50°C and 65°C to allow primers to bind to target sequences
DNA is heated to 70°C and 80°C for heat tolerant DNA to replicate the DNA
DNA is heated to 92°C and 98°C to break hydrogen bonds between bases
Which of the following shows the statements in the correct order of events for the process of PCR?

A

3 → 1 → 2

34
Q

Below are names and the strength of different chemical bonds.

1) Peptide bond
2)Hydrogen bond
3) Weak
4) Strong
Which combination correctly represents the bond that occurs between complementary base pairs on a DNA molecule?

A

2 and 3

35
Q

During DNA replication, why is the lagging strand replicated in fragments?

A

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing strand

36
Q

Which group is exposed on the 5’ end of the DNA strand?

A

Phosphate group

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