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biology > Structure and replication of DNA > Flashcards

Structure and replication of DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The base sequnece of DNA form

A

the genetic code

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2
Q

What is DNA made up of

A

two strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix

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3
Q

What are DNA nucleotides composed of

A

a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate and one of four bases

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4
Q

What do the sugar and the phosphate form

A

the backbone of a DNA molecule

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5
Q

What are the complementary base pairs joined by

A

hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

What does the double helix have

A

two antiparallel strands as their 5’ to 3’ carbons run in opposite directions

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7
Q

What is found on the 3’ end of each strand

A

deoxyribose

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8
Q

What is found on the 5’ end of each strand

A

Phosphate

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9
Q

Where is deoxyribose found

A

the 3’ end of each strand

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10
Q

Where is phosphate found

A

5’ end of each strand

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11
Q

What happens prior to cell division

A

DNA replicates

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12
Q

What are the steps pf DNA replication

A

dna molecule unwinds
dna strands seperate hdyorgen bodns between the bases break
primers bind to template dna strands to provide the starting 3’ end
free dna nucleotides line up with their complementary base pair
each nucleotide is added to the 3’ end of the adjacent nucleotide by dna polymerase
replication proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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13
Q

What are the 3 rules for DNA replication

A

A DNA nucleotide can only be added to carbon 3 of another DNA nucleotide
Replication proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction
new strand and parallel strand must be anti parallel

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14
Q

What joins the fragments of DNA on lagging strand

A

Ligase

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15
Q

What are the 5 things needed for DNA replication

A

DNA parent molecule template strands
four types of free DNA nucleotides
enzymes
ATP for energy
Primers

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16
Q

What is the strand that can grow continuously called

A

Leading strand

17
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase

A

To add DNA nucleotides to the 3’ end of the new DNA strand being synthesised

18
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase

A

joins the fragments of DNA on lagging strand

19
Q

What is a primer

A

a single stranded short sequence of nucleotides which bnds to template DNA strands

20
Q

Name the chemical group found at the 5’ end of a DNA strand

A

Phosphate group

20
Q

What enables the primer to bond with the parent DNA strand

A

complementary base pairs

21
Q

What is PCR

A

A technique that amplifies DNA using complementary primers for specific target sequences

22
Q

What can PCR amplify to help

A

solve crimes
settle paternity suits
diagnose genetic disorders

23
Q

Describe the process PCR

A

DNA is heated to 95 degrees to seperate the DNA strands
Its then cooled to 55 degrees to allow primers to bind to the target sequence of DNA
It is then heated to 75 degrees for heat tolerent DNA polymerase to emplify the target region of DNA
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the primers
repeated cycles of heating and cooling amplify the traget region of DNA

24
Q

What is needed to copy a DNA fragment

A

DNA template strands
Primers
The four DNA nucleotides
DNA polymerase

25
Q

What is special about the DNA polymerase that allows it to be used in PCR

A

it is heat tolerant

26
Q

State the structural difference between the 3’ and 5’ end of a DNA strand

A

3’ end is the deoxyribose sugar and the 5’ end is the phosphate

27
Q

State the term which describes the production fo multiple copies of DNA using PCR

A

Amplify

28
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

DNA is double stranded helix
made of nucleotides which consist of a deoxyribose sugar phosphate and a base
each DNA has a sugar phosphate backbone
the four bases are adenine thymine guanine and cytosine
DNA has complementary base pairing
the two DNA strands are held togetehr by hydogrne bonds between the bases and have an antiparallel structure

29
Q

What is the leading strand

A

Is synthesised continuously towards replication fork

30
Q

What is the lagging strand

A

Syntheised in fragments away form the replication fork

biology (11 decks)

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