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biology > Gene expression > Flashcards

Gene expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the structure of RNA

A

RNA is a single strand made up of DNA nucleaotides
RNA nucleotides are composed of a ribose sugar a phosphate and one of the 4 bases

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2
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

mRNA carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus o the ribosome in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is each triplet of bases on the mRNA molecule called

A

Codon

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4
Q

What do codon code for

A

a specific amino acid

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5
Q

Describe the function of tRNA

A

It brings specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis

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6
Q

How does tRNA fold

A

due to complementary base pairing

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7
Q

What forms the ribosome

A

rRNA and proteins

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8
Q

The role of RNA polymerase in transcription of DNA into primary mRNA transcripts

A

mRNA is assembled in the nucleus using a gene as its template
RNA polyemrase moves along DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases
RNA polymerase synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA from RNA nucleotides
free RNA nucleotides join to the exposed DNA bases on one DNA strand by complementary base pairs
RNA uracil pairs with DNA adeneine RNA adenine pairs with DNA thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine
RNA polymerase joins the adjacent RNA nucleotides ribose sugar to phosphate to form the sugar phosphate backbone of single stranded mRNA Energy is required from ATP
mRNA splicing occurs to remove the introns and complete the mature mRNA

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9
Q

What happens as a result of alternative RNA splicing

A

different proteins can be expressed from one gene

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10
Q

different proteins can be expressed from the one gene as a result of what

A

alternative RNA splicing

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11
Q

Why does alternative RNA splicing occur

A

because different exons are retained

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12
Q

Describe translation of mRNA

A

tRNA is involved in the translation of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide chain
translation of mRNA occurs at a ribosome
translation begins at a start codon and ends at a stop codon
ribosome binds to mRNA at start codon
each TRNA molecule brinds its specific amino acid to the ribosome
the tRNA molecule brings its specific amino acid to the ribosome
the tRNA anticodons bond with mRNA codons by complementary base pairing
peptide bonds form between amino acids forming a polypeptide chain
ribosome moves along the mRNA strand
once peptide bonds forms each TRNA leaves the ribosome
translation ends at a stop codon
energy is required from ATP

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13
Q

What does the order of DNA based determine

A

the orger of the DNA bases determines the order of the amino acids

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14
Q

What are amino acids linked by

A

peptide bonds to form polypeptides

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15
Q

What do polypeptide chains do

A

fold to form the 3D shape of a protein held together by hydrogen bonds and other interactions between individual amino acids

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16
Q

What is phenotype determined by

A

by the proteins produced as a result of gene expression

17
Q

What else can influence a phentype

A

environmental factors

18
Q

What is gene expression controlled by

A

regulation of both transcription and translation

19
Q

What is the RNA sugar

A

Ribose sugar

20
Q

What is the DNA sugar

A

deoxyribose sugar

21
Q

What strand is RNA

A

single stranded

22
Q

What strand is DNA

A

Double stranded

23
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

Carries its specific amino acid to ribosome

24
Q

What is the function of rRNA

A

rRNA and proteins make up the ribosome

25
Q

What are introns

A

Non coding regions of DNA

26
Q

What are exons

A

Coding regions of DNA

27
Q

Name the regions always removed fro primary mRNA transcript

A

introns

28
Q

Explain why it is important that non coding regions are removed from the primary transcript of this gene before translation

A

So the order of exons remains the same and the correct protein is made

29
Q

why is RNA splicing necessary

A

The introns are removed fro primary transcript of the mRNA and the exons are spliced togetehr to form a mature mRNA transcript

30
Q

What is the name of the bond between amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

31
Q

What does a tRNA molecule have on either end

A

An anticodon oat one end and an attachnment site for a specific amino acid at the other end

32
Q

Describe the process RNA splicing

A

The introns are removed from the primary transcript of the mRNA and the exons are spliced together to form a mature mRNA transcript

33
Q

Is the order of the eoxns changed or unchanged during splicing

A

Unchanged

34
Q

What happens ot the mature mRNA after splicing

A

passes out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it becomes translated into a sewuence of amino acids

35
Q

What is mRNA transcribed from

A

mRNA is transcribed form DNA in the nucleus and translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

36
Q

Describe the structure of a tRNA molecule

A

Has an anticodon at one end and an attachment site for a specifc amino acid at the other end

biology (11 decks)

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