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biology > Pathology of cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

Pathology of cardiovascular disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

The accumulation of fatty material (cholesterol) forming an atheroma or plaque under the endothelium of the artery

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2
Q

As the atheroma grows describe the effect it has on an artery

A

artery will thicken and lose its elasticity
lumen is narrower
blood flow is restricted
this result sin increased blood pressure

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3
Q

When an atheroma has developed in an artery what can happen to the organ or tissue that the blood is flowing to

A

tissue/organ receives less blood, less oxygen and cells die

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4
Q

What can narrowing from an atheroma lead to

A

angina, heart attach
stroke

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5
Q

What is angina

A

a crushing pain which comes on when the heart si working hard and demanding more oxygen during exercise
the pain will disappear when exercise is stopped

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6
Q

What is the result of a blocked coronary artery

A

the heart cells are deprived of oxygen leaing to death fo tissue

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7
Q

What is the medical term for a heart attack

A

myocardial infarction

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8
Q

What is a stroke

A

a blockage or blood clot in an artery in the brain

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9
Q

What si the result of a stroke

A

cells beyond the blockage will be deprived of oxygen leading to the death of brain tissue

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10
Q

What is thrombus

A

A blood clot

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11
Q

what is thrombosis

A

when a thrombus is in a blood vessel

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12
Q

What is damaged if an atheroma ruptures

A

endothelium

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13
Q

What is the enzyme prothrombin converted into

A

thrombin

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14
Q

What does thrombin cause

A

molecules of the plasma protein fibrinogen to form threads of fibrin

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15
Q

Fibrin threads form a meshwork that what

A

clots the blood
seals the wound
provides a scaffold for the formation for scar tissue

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16
Q

What happens if a thrombus breaks loose

A

forms an embolus

17
Q

What can a thrombosis in a coronary artery lead to

A

heart attack

18
Q

what can a thrombosis in the artery in the brain lead to

A

stroke

19
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease

A

narrowing of arteries due to atherosclerosis in arteries other than those of the heart or brain

20
Q

Where does PVD commonly ccur

A

in the arteries to the legs

21
Q

What are the symptoms and cause of PVD

A

pain is experienced in leg muscle due to limited supply of oxygen

22
Q

What si deep vein thrombosis

A

the formation of a blood clot that forms in a deep vein most commonly in the leg

23
Q

Describe a pulmonary embolism

A

caused by a part fo a thrombus breaking free and travels via the vena cava and heart chambers to the pulmonary artery where it can cause a blockage in the lungs reusulting in chest pain and breathing difficulties

24
Q

What can an untreated pulmonary embolism lead to

A

death

25
Q

What is cholesterol

A

type of lipid found in the cell membrane

26
Q

where in the body is most of the cholesterol synthesised

A

liver

27
Q

what is cholesterol synthesised from

A

saturated fats in the diet

28
Q

Name a structure in the body that requires cholesterol

A

cell membranes

29
Q

name a function of cholesterol in the body

A

needed to make sex hormones testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone

30
Q

What are lipoproteins

A

contain lipid and protein

31
Q

Describe high density lipoproteins

A

transports excess cholesterol from body cells to liver to be broken down
prevents accumulation of cholesterol in the blood

32
Q

Describe low density lipoproteins

A

transports cholesterol form liver to body cells
releases cholesterol into the cells

33
Q

What happens once a cell has sufficent cholesterol

A

a negative feedback system inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors

34
Q

What is the result of the negative feedbakc system inhibiting the synthesis of new LDL receptors

A

results in LDL circulating in the blood where it may deposit cholesterol in the arteries forming atheromas

35
Q

What does a higher rate of HDL to LDL results in

A

lower blood cholesterol and a reduced chance of developing atherosclerosis

36
Q

What does regular physical activity do

A

raise HDL levels

37
Q

What does dietary changes do

A

reduces the levels of total fat in the diet and replace saturated with unsaturated fats

38
Q

What does the drug satins do

A

reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells

biology (15 decks)

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