Blood glucose levels and obesity Flashcards
What does chronic elevation of blood glucose levels lead to
endothelium cells taking in more glucose than normal leading to atherosclerosis damaging the blood levels
What can damaged blood vessels from atherosclerosis lead to
cardiovascular disease
stroke
peripheral vascular disease
What can the small blood vessels being damaged by elevated glucose levels result in
haemorrhage (serious bleeding of blood vessels in the retina)
renal (kidney) failure
peripheral nerve dysfunction
What are hormones released from
one of the endocrine glands
What do hormones travel through
blood stream to a target tissue
What does a hormones target tissue have
cells with receptors for hormones so only some tissue are affected by specific hormones
What endocrine gland monitors the blood glucose concentration
pancreas
What responds to changes in blood glucose concentration
pancreatic receptors
Insulin and glucagon act antagonistically what does that means
have the opposite effect on the same organ
What happens when blood glucose levels increase
pancreatic receptors respond by increasing secretion of insulin from the pancreas
insulin travels to the liver in the blood
insulin activates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver decreasing blood glucose concentration
What happens when the is low blood glucose levels
pancreatic receptors respond by increasing secretion of glucagon from the pancreas
glucagon activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver increasing blood glucose concentration
What happens during exercise and fight or flight responses
glucose levels are raised by adrenaline released from the adrenal glands stimulating glucagon secretion and inhibiting insulin secretion
What happens once an emergency is over
insulin brings the blood glucose concentration back down to normal
What is the regulation of blood glucose levels an example of
negative feedback control
When does type 1 diabetes usually occur
in early childhood
What wrong with a person with type 1 diabetes
unable to produce insulin
What is type 1 diabetes treated with
regular injections of insulin
When does type 2 diabetes develop
typically later in life
What is the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes increased by
being overweight
Whats wrong with people with type 2 diabetes
individuals produce insulin but receptors on liver cells are less sensitive to it
What is the insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes linked to
a decrease in the number of insulin receptors in the liver leading to failure to convert glucose to glycogen
What is type 2 diabetes treated by
lifestyle changes- weight loss/exercise/dietary changes
How is blood glucose level monitored by the body
pancreatic receptors
What indicates diabetes
glucose present in urine
What si used to diagnose diabetes
glucose tolerance test
Describe the glucose tolerance test
the blood glucose concentrations of the individual are initially measured after fasting
the individual then drinks a glucose solution and changes in their blood glucose concentration are measured for at least the next two hours
Compare non diabetic and diabetic in a glucose tolerance test
the blood glucose concentration of a diabetic usually starts at a higher level than that of a non diabetic
diabetics blood glucose concentrations increase to a much higher level than that of a non diabetic and takes longer to return to its starting concentration
Why do patients have to fast before taking a glucose tolerance test
to ensure any glucose present in the patients blood os form the glucose drink they have been given
the patient had eaten before taking the test their glucose levels would be higher due to
the food they had eaten and not necessarily due to a lack of insulin
What is obesity
obesity is characterised by excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue
What is BM1
body max index
What is an advantage to BMI
extremely easy to calculate
What is a disadvantage to BMI
BMI can wrongfully classify individuals as obese
What BMI value indicates obesity
over 30
What are the main causes of obesity
high fats diets and not enough physical activity
What is obesity linked to
high fats diets and a decrease in physical activity
What does exercise do
increases energy expenditure and preserves lean tissue
What can exercising help reduce risk factors for CVD by doing
keeping weight under control
minimising stress
reducing hypertension
improve HDL blood lipid profiles
What should the energy intake in the diet do
limit fats and free sugars
