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Biology > Structure and functions in living organisms > Flashcards

Structure and functions in living organisms Flashcards

Covers these sub-topics: Level of organisation, Cell Structure, Biological molecules, Movement of substances into and out of cells, Nutrition, Respiration, Gas Exchange, Transport, Excretion and Co-ordination and response.

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1
Q

Name the organelles in an animal cell

A

-Nucleus
-Cell membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes

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2
Q

Name the organelles found in a plant cell

A

-Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes
+
-cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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3
Q

List the following in size order:
-Cells, Organs, Organelles, Systems, Tissues

A

-Organelles, Cells, Tissues, organs and systems

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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Stores DNA and co-ordinates the cell’s processes

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5
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like fluid that supports and suspends the cell organelles

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6
Q

What is the role of cell membrane

A

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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7
Q

What is the role of the cell wall

A

Gives the cell structure and shape, prevents plant cells from bursting when it absorbs water.

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8
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria

A

This is where respiration takes place

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9
Q

What is the role of the chloroplasts

A

This is where photosynthesis occurs

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10
Q

What are stem cells?

A

-Stem cells are unspecialised cells
-They have the ability to differentiate into many cell types.

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11
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

-Bone marrow
-Many organs
-Eyes
-Umbilical cord
-Embryo (not adult stem cells)

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12
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

In the stem.

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13
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When cells can turn on/off different genes, by translation or transcription of genes.

When a cell changes to become specialised for it’s job

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14
Q

How are cells specialised?

A

They have different structures to suit their different functions

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15
Q

How do stem cells split?

A

They divide by mitosis frequently.

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16
Q

What can stem cells be used for?

A

To cure diseases and they can differentiate into any cell type.

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17
Q

What are issues with using stem cells for curing disease?

A

-Stem cells grown in labs can become contaminated with a virus making the person sicker.

-Some people are against stem cell research as an embryo can be considered as a human life.

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18
Q

What elements are present in carbs?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen.

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19
Q

What elements are present in proteins

A

Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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20
Q

What elements are in lipids

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen.

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21
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

Long chains of amino acids

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22
Q

What are carbs made up of

A

Starch and glycogen are made up of lots of simple sugars like glucose or maltose.

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23
Q

What are lipids made up of

A

They are built from fatty acids and glycerol.

24
Q

How are plants adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Leaf cells contain chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight and carries out photosynthesis.

25
Q

What are magnesium ions needed for?

A

They are needed for chlorophyll

26
Q

What are nitrate ions needed for?

A

Amino acids

27
Q

What is the role of the mouth?

A

-Salivary glands in the mouth produce amylase enzyme in the saliva

-Teeth break down food

28
Q

What is the Oesophagus

A

-The muscular tube that connects the mouth and stomach.

29
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

The gut

30
Q

Role of the liver

A

-Where bile is produced

31
Q

Role of Gall Bladder

A

-Where bile is stored

32
Q

What is Bile?

A

Bile is an alkaline that neutralises stomach acid so the enzymes in the small intestine can work at optimum pH.

-Bile also emulsifies fats increasing speed of digestion.

33
Q

What is the role of the small intestine?

A

-Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion

-This is also where the nutrients are absorbed out of the gut into the body

34
Q

What are the 2 parts of the small intestine?

A

The first bit is the duodenum and the last part is ileum.

35
Q

Role of Pancreas

A

-Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes. It releases these into the small intestine.

36
Q

Role of the Large Intestine

A

-Where excess water is absorbed from the food.

37
Q

Role of the rectum?

A

-The last part of the large intestine

-Where the faeces are stored

38
Q

Role of the stomach`

A

-Pummels the food with its muscular walls

-It produces pepsin

-Produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give protease enzyme to work.

39
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption of food?

A

-Large surface area for absorption because walls of small intestine are covered in millions of villi.

-Villi has a permeable layer of surface cells and a very good blood supply to assist quick absorption.

40
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in humans?

A

The alveoli

41
Q

How are alveoli specialised for gas exchange?

A

-Very large surface area
-Moist lining for gases to dissolve in
-One cell thick
-Permeable walls

42
Q

Role of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm

A

They contract during breathing in and relax during exhalation. (Diaphragm moves up when relaxing)

43
Q

Thorax

A

The top part of the body seperated by the diaphragm

44
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

They run inbetween the ribs

45
Q

Rib-cage

A

Protect the vital organs such as lungs

46
Q

Trachea

A

This is where the air that is breathed in goes

47
Q

Bronchi

A

Tubes that go from trachea to each lung.

48
Q

Bronchioles

A

Small tubes that are connected to alveoli and bronchus

49
Q

Alveoli

A

This is where gas exchange happens, small bags connected to bronchioles.

50
Q

What are the lungs surrounded by

A

Pleural membranes

51
Q

How can smoking cause coronary heart disease

A

-Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry

-Blood pressure increases, damaging artery walls leading to blood clots in the artery.

52
Q

How can smoking cause cancer

A

Because Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens, chemicals that lead to cancer.

53
Q

How can smoking cause diseases like emphysema

A

-Smoking damages the walls inside the alveoli reducing the SA for gas exchange.

54
Q

Effect of Tar on the body from smoking

A

Tar damages the cilia in the lungs and trachea, leading to the build up of mucus leading to illness like chest infection

55
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need a variety of substances to live

A

The cells in all living organisms need a variety of substances to live, such as water, minerals and sugars.

They also need to get rid of waste substances

56
Q

Why do unicellular organisms rely on diffusion?

A

The substances can diffuse directly into and out of the cell across the cell membrane. The rate of diffusion is quick as distance is short.

57
Q
A

Biology (22 decks)

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